IN THIS BOOK ...
you'll find:
--A BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO KIM PROGRAMMING: which takes the absolute beginner, step by step, through the fundamentals of understanding and writing programs . . .. . . PAGE 5
--RECREATIONAL PROGRAMS: dozens of programs
including games, diversions and educational
programs; fully detailed so that you can learn
from the programming techniques as well as
have fun. All programs run on the basic KIM-1
system . . .. . . PAGE 23
--DIAGNOSTIC & UTILITY PROGRAMS: to help you
test your KIM computer - to help you test other devices,
such as cassette recorders - and to make your
KIM a more powerful machine . . .. . . PAGE 114
--EXPANDING YOUR KIM: guidelines on how to
expand your KIM from the basic small-but-powerful
KIM-1 system to a huge-and-super-powerful
machine. Understanding the jargon; seeing
what1s available in both hardware and software.
. . . PAGE 143
--CONNECTING TO THE WORLD: an introduction to
the methods by which KIM can read or sense
other devices, and can in turn control other
mechanisms . . . . . . PACE 155
--POT POURRI: other useful pieces of information
about your KIM system; reference material,
hints, etc . . . . . . PAGE 166
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Additional copies may be obtained
for $9.00 postpaid from:
ORB
P.O. Box 311
Argonne, Illinois
60439
Quantity discounts available.
Acknowledgements:
Thanks to all who have supported the KIM-1/65O2
User Notes, from which much of this material was
taken. A special thanks to Earl Nied for the use
of his KIM interfaced Selectric
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Dedicated to the person who just purchased a KIM-1
and doesn't know what to do with it .......
Edited By:
Jim Butterfield
Stan Ockers
Eric Rehnke
copyright 1977 by F.J. Butterfield
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Individual programs in this book were contributed by the various authors without copyright restrictions. These programs may be used or copied without restriction. It is, however, common courtesy to quote author and source when copying; and a copy of any published material should be sent directly to the author. In general, program authors welcome comments, suggestions or revisions to their programs. Depending on circuinstances, they may not find it possible to reply to all correspondence. If you develop a program that you'd like to share vith other KIM users, send it in to KIM/6502 User Notes, P.O. Box 33077, N. Royalton Ohio 44133. It might appear in User Notes .. and even in a future Book of KIM. The KIM-1 microcomputer is manufactured by Commodore/MOS Technology, 950 Rittenhouse Road, Norristown PA 19491. It may be obtained directly from the manufacturer, or from many hobbyist computer retail stores. At the time of writing, the complete KIM-1 system (less power supply) sells for $245. All programs in this book run on the basic KIM-1 system, (two require an audio amplifier).
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5
A BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO KIM PROGRAMMING. Running programs can be fun. But writing programs can be even more fun .. and exasperating, and exhilarating, too! When you get the hang of it - and it will take time - you'll be able to create your own games, diversions, or useful routines. This section tries to introduce you to the mechanics of programming, so you can find your own way at your own speed. Don't be afraid to use ideas from other parts of this book. If you like, try changing parts of a program or two and see what happens. And you can borrow whole sections of coding from another program if it does something you want. LOOKING AT MEMORY Random Access Memory. If you've just turned your KIM system on, press the RS (Reset) button to get things started. Hit the following keys: AD (for ADDRESS) 0 0 0 0. You've just entered the address of memory cell 0000, the lowest numbered one in memory. The display will show 0000 (the number you entered) on the left. On the right, you'll see the contents of cell 0000: it will be a two digit number. That number might be anything to start with; let's change it. Press key DA (for DATA). Now you're ready to change the contents of cell 0000. Key in 44, for example, and you'll see that the cell contents have changed to 44. Hit the + button, and KIM will go to the next address. As you might have guessed, the address following 0000 is 0001. You're still in DATA mode (you hit the DA key, remember?), so you can change the contents of this cell. This time, put in your lucky number, if you have one. Check to see that it shows on the right hand part of the display. This kind of memory - the kind you can put information into - is called RAM, which stands for Random Access Memory. Random access means this: you can go to any part of memory you like, directly, without having to start at the lowest address and working your way through. Check this by going straight up to address 0123 and looking at its contents (key AD 0 1 2 3) then address 0000 (key AD 0 0 0 0), which should still contain the value 44 that we put there.
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Hexadecimal Numbers Now that you're back at address 0000, let's step through several locations using the + key. Don't worry about contents too much. 0001 will still contain your lucky number, of course, but keep stepping with the + key until you reach 0009. What will the next address be? Most people would think that the next number should be 0010, and that would be correct if KIM used the familiar decimal numbering scheme. But KIM still has six more digits to go past 9, because it uses a computer numbering scheme called Hexadecimal. Hit the + key and you'll see address 000A come up. Don't let the alphabetic confuse you - to KIM, A is just the digit that comes after 9. And there are more digits to come. Keep pressing the + button and you'll see that A is followed by B, C, D, E and F. Finally, after address 000F, you'll see address 0010 appear. A word about pronunciation: don't call address 0010 "ten"; say "one zero" instead. After all, it isn't the tenth value after 0000, it's really the sixteenth (the word Hexadecimal means: based on sixteen). If you don't understand why the letters appear, don't worry about it too much. Just understand, for the moment, that the alphabetics represent genuine numbers. So if you're asked to look at address 01ED, you'll know that it's a legitimate address number like any other. And if you're told to store a value of FA in there, go right ahead - you're just putting a number into memory. When you get time, you'll find lots of books that explain Hexadecimal numbering in detail. There's even an appendix in your 6502 Programming Manual on the subject. It makes important and worth-while reading. But for now, just recognize that although the numbers may look a little funny, they are still exactly that: numbers. Read Only Memory So far, we've talked about one kind of memory, called RAM. You recall that we said that you can store numbers into RAM. There's another kind of memory in KIM, but you can't store numbers there. It's called ROM, for Read Only Memory. This kind of memory contains fixed values that cannot be changed .
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For example, let's look at address 1C3A (key AD 1 C 3 A). You'll see the value 18, and that value never changes. Try it: press DA 6 6 to try to change the contents to 66. See how it won't work? ROM contains pre-stored programs which do important things like lighting the display, detecting keyboard input, and reading or writing your cassette tape. These programs are called the Monitor. In fact, the name KIM stands for Keyboard Input Monitor in recognition of the importance of these programs. We'll talk briefly about the Monitor programs later. Special Memory Locations A few addresses in KIM are connected to things that aren't really memory at all. You can read up on them in the KIM User Manual when you're ready; we'll just point out a few examples here. If you try to store a number into address 1700, for example, you might find that instead of storing the value, KIM will convert it to voltages and deliver these voltages to certain pins on your Application Connector at the edge of the board! Another example: address 1704 connects to a very fast timer - look at that address and you'll see "time going by" as a blur!
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MINI-PROGRAM A: Swap the contents of two locations. This is our first beginner's program. It doesn't do much: just exchanges the contents of locations 0010 and 0011. But it's a start, and you'll learn quite a few things about getting KIM programs going. CAUTION: before running this or any other program, be sure that you have set the contents of the KIM "vector" locations as follows: Set address 17FA to 00 Set address 17FB to 1C Set address 17FE to 00 Set address 17FF to 1C The first two locations are needed so that your SST switch and ST key will work right The last two make the BRK (break) instruction behave properly. You MUST ALWAYS SET UP THESE LOCATIONS AS SOON AS YOU TURN ON YOUR KIM SYSTEM. Loading the Program We'll take time to describe how the program works later. First, let's see how to load it. A listing usually looks something like this: 0200 A5 10 START LDA 10 address 10 to A 0202 A6 11 LDX 11 address 11 to x 0204 85 11 STA 11 A to address 11 0206 86 10 STX 10 X to address 10 0208 00 BRK stop the program The business end of the program - the part that goes into the computer - is the group of numbers on the left hand side. The stuff on the right helps explain what the program does. If you look at the numbers on the left, you'll see that the first one, 0200, looks like an address. That's exactly what it is, and we can start by entering it with AD 0 2 0 0. The next number in A5, and that will be its contents. So hit DA A 5, and the display will confirm that we've put it in.
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Keep going on the same line. Each line of the program listing may contain more than one value - for more than one address. The next value is 10, and it needs to go into 0201. You don't need to enter the address. Just hit the + key and there you are - enter 1 0 and you've got it. Notice you didn't need to hit DA; you stay in Data mode until you press the AD key. Continue to the next line: just hit + A 6 + 1 1 and keep going until you've put the 00 in location 0208. Congratulations! You've loaded your first program. Now go backand check it for correctness. Hit AD 0 2 0 0 and use the + key to step through and check the values. Now let's run the program and see if it works. First, look at the contents of addresses 0010 and 0011. Make a note of them; when the program runs, it will swap those two values. Keep in mind that loading the program doesn't make anything happen. You have to run it to do the job - and that's what we'll do next. Running the Program Set address 0200. That's where the first instruction in the program is located - you may have noticed that it's marked START in the listing. Now the display shows 0200 A5, and we're ready to go. So - hit GO. And the program will run. Doesn't take long, does it? The display will have changed to 020A xx. If the display shows any other address, something's wrong. Check that your SST switch is off (left), that the program is entered correctly, and that your vectors are OK. Your program ran in less than a fifty thousandth of a second. No wonder you didn't see the display flicker. Now check that the program did indeed run correctly by looking at the contents of locations 0010 and 0011. You'll see that they have been exchanged.
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How it works Inside the Central Processor (the heart of the computer) are several temporary storages called registers. You can LOAD many of these registers with the contents of memory; and you can STORE the contents of the registers into memory. The two registers we are using here are called A and X. If we Load A from address 10, A now contains a copy of the contents of 0010. Location 0010 itself won't be changed; it will also contain that number. We do the same thing when we Load X from address 0011. Now our A and X registers contain copies of the numbers in 0010 and 0011 respectively. If we Store A into address 0011, that address will now contain a copy of the value in A - which was originally the contents of address 0010, remember? Finally, we Store X into 0010 to complete the swap. Look at the listing again. On the right hand side, we have the program exactly as we have described it, but abbreviated. You can see that LDA means Load A and so forth. The BRK (Break) at the end stops the program. Step by Step Let's go through the program a step at a time - literally. Maybe you're satisfied that it works. Even so, follow this procedure. It will show you how to test any KIM program. First go back to addresses 0010 and 0011 and put a couple of brand new numbers there. This will help you see the computer operating. Now set address 0200 again, but don't press GO yet. We're going to "Single Step" our program, and see every instruction work. So slide the SST (Single Step) switch over to the right ... and then read the next section carefully.
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Seeing the Registers Registers A and X, plus quite a few we haven't talked about, are inside the 6502 microprocessor chip. There's no way you can view them - they are buried deep within the electronics. To help you out, the KIM Monitor system will write out a copy of these registers into memory where you can inspect them. The contents of the A register may be seen at address 00F3, and the contents of the X register at 00F5. Don't be confused: These locations are not the actual registers, just copies made for your convenience. But it's a great convenience, for it allows you to see everything that's going on inside the microprocessor. A Small Step for a Computer, but ... If you're set up at location 0200 and your SST switch is on, hit the GO button once. The display will show 0202. That means: instruction at 0200 completed, ready to do the one at 0202. Okay, let's check everything in sight. The first instruction was to load the A register, right? Enter address 00F3 and check that its contents (which correspond to the contents of A) are indeed the value from address 0010. If you like, look at 0010 and confirm that it hasn't changed. NOW for a clever KIM touch. If you're ready to proceed with the next instruction, hit PC (for Program Counter) and you'll find yourself back at address 0202, ready to perform the next instruction. You've executed one instruction, performed one program step. Remember this: No matter how complex the program, it always operates one simple step at a time. And now you know how to check out each step, individually. Hit GO and execute one more instruction. Check it out - remember that you'll find X at address 00F5.
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>From this point, find your own way through the last two instructions. Don't bother about the BRK (Break); it just stops the program. As the two registers are stored, you'll want to check that the memory addresses have been changed as expected. Summary The most important things that you've learned about coding are: --the BRK (code 00) command stops the program; --the SST switch causes a single instruction to be executed --the internal registers can be viewed. BUT YOU MUST SET YOUR VECTORS PROPERLY (see the beginning of this section) OR NONE OF THE ABOVE WILL WORK! A complete list of the register image addresses can be found in the KIM User Guide on page 39, Fig. 3-13 - when you need it. >From here on, you don't have to take anybody's word for any KIM operation. You can go to your KIM, set SST, and try it for yourself. Exercises 1. Can you change the program so that it swaps the contents of locations 0020 and 0021? 2. Billy Beginner wrote the following program to swap the contents of locations 0010 and 0011: 0200 A5 10 START LDA 10 put 0010 into A 0202 85 11 STA 11 store A to 0011 0204 A6 11 LDX 11 put 0011 into X 0206 86 10 STX 10 store X to 0010 0208 00 BRK stop It didn't work. Can you see why? 3. Can you write a program to take the contents of address 0010 and place the same value in locations 0011, 0012, and 0013?
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MINI-PROGRAM B: Setting many locations to zero Here's the program: 0200 A9 00 START LDA #0 value 0 into A 0202 A2 09 LDX #9 start X at 9 0204 95 30 LOOP STA 30,X zero into 0030+X 0206 CA DEX decrease X by 1 0207 10 FB BPL LOOP back if X positive 0209 00 BRK stop the program This program, when you load and run it, will set the value of the ten locations from 0030 to 0039 to zero. We can't give you a whole programming course here Hopefully, you'll use the Programming Manual and the single-step feature to trace out exactly what the program does. But here are a few highlights: When we load registers A and X in the first two instructions, we don't want to load the contents of a memory location. Instead, we want the actual values 0 and 9. To do this, we use a new kind of addressing called IMMEDIATE addressing. Immediate addressing, when we use it, says "Don't go to memory; use this value." Immediate addressing can be spotted two ways. First, note the # sign that we use in writing the program: that signals that we are using immediate mode addressing. Secondly, you may have noticed that the computer instruction (called the Op Code) has changed: the previous program used code A5 to mean LDA; now we're using A9, which also means LDA but signals immediate addressing. You can - and should - use the SST feature to check that immediate addressing works as advertised The instruction at 0204 uses the X register for INDEXING. That means that instead oŁ storing the A value in address 30, the computer first calculates an effective address by adding the contents of the X register to the "base address" of 30. Since X contains 9 the first time through, the effective address will be 30+9 or 39 - and that's where we store our A value of 00. Later, X will be decreased to a value of 8, so we'll store into address 38.
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Indexing seems complicated, but remember that it's a very powerful feature of KIM. Try to get the hang of it; it's well worth the effort. The DEX instruction (Op Code CA) is the one that decreases X from 9 to 8 (and later to 7, 6, S and so on). Eventually, as this part of the program is automatically repeated, X will reach a value of 00. Finally, when we decrement X one more time, X will go to value FF, which KIM "sees" as a negative number, kind of like the value -1. KIM views all values in the range 80 to FF as negative - when you're ready, the Programming Manual will tell you more. The BPL instruction at line 0207 is a CONDITIONAL TEST. BPL means Branch Plus. If the result of our previous operation (Decrement X) gives us a positive, or plus, number, we will branch back to address 0204 and repeat the instructions from that point. The X values of 9, 8, 7 .., down through 0 are all positive or plus; so each time we'll go back and set one more location in memory to value zero. Finally, X becomes equal to value FF - a negative number. So in this case, BPL won't branch: the "plus" or "positive" condition isn't satisfied. This last time, since BPL doesn't take us back, we proceed to the following instruction, BRK, which stops the program. That's OX because we've done our job of setting addresses 0030-0039 to value zero. Single step the program carefully, checking the value of X from time to time (location 00F5, remember?). Satisfy yourself that you can see it working. By the way, that funny address on the branch instruction (F0) is a special kind of addressing mode called RELATIVE addressing. All branches use it: it's worth reading up on. Exercises. 1. Can you change the program to place value 55 in the above locations? 2. Can you change the program to place value 00 in locations 0030 to 0037? 3. Can you change the program to place value FF in locations 00A0 to 00BF?
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INTERLUDE - PROGRAM TESTING You've met one very powerful tool for checking out programs - the Single Step mode of operation. Let's review it and talk about a few others. The SST mode is especially useful because you can pause between instructions and look at memory or registers. The register values are copied into memory locations from 00EF to 00F5, and while they are not real registers, just copies, they are just as good for testing purposes. Not only can you look at them, you can change them to new values. This ability to change a register can be handy in solving the "what if ... " type of question, or shortening testing of a loop. For example, if you are single-stepping through mini-program B and you don't want to go around the loop a full ten times, you might use this trick. Go around a couple of times to get the loop started, and then change X (00F5) to a much lower value, say 1 or 2. Go back to single-stepping. A couple more turns around the loop, and you're out. Using this method, you won't have set the whole ten locations to zero, of course. But you will see that the loop itself is working right. The Inserted BRK (Break) Sometimes SST seems slow. You might have a long program, and you're sure that the first part is working. What you want is a way to run directly through the first bit, and then stop and single-step the rest. It's not hard. Decide where you want the program to stop, so you can start single-stepping. Then put a BRK command, code 00, at that point. You'll have to wipe out a live instruction, of course, but that's OK. You can put it back after the halt has happened. Let's try doing that on mini-program B. Let's say we want to run straight through to the BPL instruction at 0207, and then single-step from that point on.
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Change 0207 (previously 10) to value 00, the BRK command. Now go to the beginning of the program (0200); be sure SST is off, and hit GO. You'll see 0209 00 on the display, which tells you that the halt at 0207 has worked. Now go back to 0207, put the value of 10 (for BPL) back in, set the SST switch on, and you're ready to step. Easy? You bet - and you can save lots of time this way in testing big programs. No Operation (NOP, code EA) It sounds funny, but a very handy instruction is one that doesn't do anything. When the microprocessor encounters Op Code EA (NOP), it does nothing - just passes on to the next instruction. The biggest use of the NOP instruction is to take out another instruction that you don't want any more; or to leave room in the coding to add another instruction later if you need to. Some programmers write their programs in sections, and at first they put a BRK instruction between each section. That way, when they are testing, the program will stop after each part, and they can check to see that each part runs OK. When they are finished testing, they change the BRK's to NOP's and the program will run straight through. The ST (Stop) Key When everything is under control in program testing, you won't need the ST key. But sometimes the program 'gets away' on you - and the only way to find out what it's doing is to use this key. Let's wreck mini-program B by wiping out the DEX instruction. We'll do this by replacing it with a NOP; so write value EA into location 0206. What will happen? When we run the program, the X register will never change from its starting value oŁ 9 because we don't have a DEX instruction. So the program will keep branching back to LOOP forever, and it will never stop. We've created this situation artificially, of course, but it could have happened by oversight when we were writing the program.
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Set address 0200, SST off, and hit GO. Everything goes dead. Our program is running but it will never stop. Meanwhile, the display is dark. This time we know why it's happening. But if we didn't, how would we solve it? Press ST - stop - and the computer will freeze. The display will light showing the next instruction we were about to execute. If we wanted to pinpoint the trouble, we could flip over to SST now and track the problem down, step by step. A last comment on the ST button: If the display goes dark and pressing ST doesn't relight it, the computer has a different problem. It has gone berserk due to a completely illegal Op Code. Press the RS (Reset) button now you'll need to start over and use the BRK and SST features to track down the trouble,
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MINI-PROGRAM C: Displaying values KIM has a 6-digit display. You can show information on the display quite easily, if you know how. In the KIM Monitor programs there are several packages called subroutines that you can call upon to do certain jobs. You could write the same coding for these jobs yourself; but use the monitor subroutines to save time and trouble. When you give the command JSR SCANDS (coded 20 1F 1F), the Monitor will briefly light the display with the data it finds in addresses 00FB, 00FA, and 00F9. That's three locations, each displaying as two digits, so the full six-digit display is filled. "Briefly" means exactly that. The display lights for a split second. To get a steady display, you must repeat the JSR SCANDS command over and over again. Use a loop, of course; no point in filling up your program with JSR SCANDS instructions. You should also know that when you call this Monitor subroutine, the contents of your registers are wiped out. So if you have something important in the A register that you will want to use after giving JSR SCANDS, be sure to put it safely somewhere in memory or you'll lose it. The same goes for other registers like as X and Y. Here's a simple program to show 0000 00 on the display. Note that we must put the value 00 into addresses FB, FA, and F9 before we call JSR SCANDS 0200 A9 00 START LDA #0 zero into A 0202 85 PB STA POINTH first 2 digits 0204 85 FA STA POINTL next 2 digits 0206 85 F9 STA INH last 2 digits 0208 20 1F 1F LOOP JSR SCANDS light up! 020B 4C 08 02 JMP LOOP do it again
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This program never ends, so eventually you'll have to stop it with the RS or ST keys. See how the last instruction jumps back to address 0208 so the display is lit continuously? Another interesting point: see how the jump address at 020B is "backwards" - 08 02 instead of 0208? This is called "low order first" addressing and you'll see a lot of it on the KIM system. The single-step feature doesn't work too well on Monitor subroutines. That's normal, and it's not serious. These subroutines are well tested and dependable, so you shouldn't need to use SST with them. Exercises l. Can you change the program to make the display show 5555 55? 2. Can you write a program to make the display show 1234 56? 3, How about a program to show the word EFFACE? or FACADE? or COOCOO?
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MINI-PROGRAM D: reading the keypad To read the KIM pushbuttons you have another Monitor subroutine called GETKEY. You "call" it with JSR GETKEY (20 6A 1F). This subroutine will give you the identity of the key that is being pressed at that moment as a value in the A register. You can continue by using this value any way you want. If no key is being pressed at the time, you'll get a value of 15 in A. There are a couple of cautions on the use of JSR GETKEY. First, you must not be in Decimal Mode. If you're not sure about this, give a CLD (D8) instruction at the beginning of your program. Secondly, before giving JSR GETKEY, you must "open up the channel" from the keyboard with either one of two subroutines: JSR SCANDS or JSR KEYIN. You've met JSR SCANDS before: it's used to light the display. If you don't want to light the display, use JSR KEYIN (20 40 1F) before using JSR GETKEY. This program reads the keyboard and displays what it sees: 0200 D8 START CLD clr dc mode 0201 A9 00 LDA #0 zero into A 0203 85 FB STORE STA POINTH 0205 85 FA STA POINTL 0207 85 F9 STA INH 0209 20 1F 1F JSR SCANDS light display 020C 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY test keys 020F 4C 03 02 JMP STORE Exercises. 1. Do you think that the instruction at 0201 is really needed? Try removing it (change 0201 and 0202 to EA) and see. 2. What values do you get for the alphabetic keys? For keys like PC and GO? Are there any keys that don't work with JSR GETKEY? 3. Try running in decimal mode (change 0200 to SED, code F8). What happens? Is it serious? How about key F? 4. Can you change the program so that only the last digit of the display changes with the keyboard?
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CONCLUSION You've reached the end of our little Beginner's Guide. But you've only started on the road towards understanding programming. Use the tools we have given you here to forge your own path. KIM is a very rich machine. You have 56 Op Codes to choose from, and many powerful addressing combinations. You don't need to learn them all right away, hut when you need them, they'll be there. The KIM Programming Manual makes good reading. Don't try to go through the whole thing at one sitting. Stop and try a few things; you have the Single Step feature to help you understand what each instruction really does. Try leafing through - or stepping through - other people's programs, to understand what makes them tick. Change the coding, if you like, to see what happens. When you see a program that does something you want to do, borrow the coding - you don't need to re-invent the wheel. Don't be discouraged when your program doesn't work on the first try. Even experts have to spend time getting the "bugs" out of their coding. It's part of the game: Think of yourself as Sherlock Holmes, methodically tracking down the elusive villains. A proverb says that a journey of a thousand miles starts with the first step. In the same way, the biggest programs still operate one step at a time. So forge ahead at your own speed. Communicate with other KIM owners; you'll have a lot of information to swap. But most of all: have fun,
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BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
DIRECTIONS -
HERE'S A HANDY LITTLE ADDING MACHINE PROGRAM. KIM BECOMES
A SIX DIGIT ADDER. "GO" CLEARS THE TOTAL SO YOU CAN START
OVER. THEN ENTER A NUMBER AND HIT THE PLUS KEY TO ADD IT
TO THE PREVIOUS TOTAL. IF YOU MAKE A MISTAKE IN ENTERING
A NUMBER, JUST HIT THE "0" KEY SEVERAL TIMES AND ROLL THE
BAD NUMBER OUT BEFORE ENTERING THE CORRECTION. NO OVERFLOW
INDICATOR, AND NO SUBTRACTION OR MULTIPLICATION - MAYBE YOU
WOULD LIKE TO TRY YOUR HAND AT ADDING THESE. THE PROGRAM
IS FULLY RELOCATABLE.
0200 20 1F 1F START JSR SCANDS light disnlay
0203 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY read keyboard
0206 C5 60 CMP PREV same as last tine?
0208 F0 F6 BEQ START yes, skip
020A 85 60 STA PREV no, save new key
020C C9 0A CMP #$0A numeric key?
020E 90 29 BCC NUM yes,branch
0210 C9 13 CMP #$13 GO key?
0212 F0 18 BEQ DOGO yes, branch
02l4 C9 12 CMP #$12 +key?
0216 D0 E8 BNE START no, invalid key
0218 F8 18 SED CLC prepare to add
02AA A2 FD LDX #$FD minus 3; 3 digits
021C B5 FC ADD LDA POINTH+l,X display digit
021E 75 65 ADC ACCUM+3,X add total
0220 95 FC STA POINTH+1,X total to display
0222 95 65 STA ACCUM+3,X & to total accum
0224 E8 INX next digit
0225 30 F5 BMI ADD last digit?
0227 86 61 STX FLAG flag total-in-display
0229 D8 CLD
022A 10 D4 BPL START return to start
022C A9 00 DOGO LDA #$0 set flaG for
022E 85 61 STA FLAG total-in-display
0230 A2 02 LDX #2 for 3 digits...
0232 95 F9 CLEAR STA INH,X clear display
0234 CA DEX next digit
0235 10 FB DPL CLEAR last digit?
0237 30 C7 BMI START finished, back to go
0239 A4 61 NUM LDY FLAG total-in-display?
023B D0 0F BNE PASS no, add new digit
023D E6 61 INC FLAG Clear t-i-d flag
023F 48 PHA save key
0240 A2 02 LDX #2 3 digits to move
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0242 B5 F9 MOVE LDA INH,X get display digit 0244 95 62 STA ACCUM,X copy to total Accum 0246 94 F9 STY INH,X clear display 0248 CA DEX next digit 0249 10 F7 BPL MOVE last digit? 024B 68 PLA recall key 024C 0A 0A PASS ASL A ASL A move digit.. 024E 0A 0A ASL A ASL A ..into position 0250 A2 04 LDX #4 4 bits 0252 0A SHIFT ASL A move bit from A 0253 26 F9 ROL INH ..to INH.. 0255 26 FA ROL POINTL ..to rest of 0257 26 FB ROL POINTL display 0259 CA DEX nuxt bit 025A D0 F6 BNE SHIFT last bit? 025C F0 A2 BEQ START yes. back to start
xxxxx HEX DUMP - ADDITION XXXXX
0200 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F C5 60 F0 F6 85 60 C9 0A 90 29
0210 C9 13 F0 18 C9 12 D0 E8 F8 18 A2 FD B5 FC 75 65
0220 95 FC 95 65 E8 30 F5 86 61 D8 10 D4 A9 00 85 61
0230 A2 02 95 F9 CA 10 FB 30 C7 A4 61 D0 0F E6 61 48
0240 A2 02 B5 F9 95 62 94 F9 CA 10 F7 68 0A 0A 0A 0A
0250 A2 04 0A 26 F9 26 FA 26 FB CA D0 F6 F0 A2
NOTE: WHENEVER SPACE PERMITS, A HEX DUMP OF THE
PROGRAMS LISTED WILL BE GIVEN. THESE DUMPS
WERE TAKEN FROM ACTUAL RUNNING PROGRAMS. SO,
IF THERE IS A DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THE LISTING
AND THE DUMP, THE LISTING IS MOST PROBABLY IN
ERROR.
25
BY STAN OCKERS
YOU ARE PILOTING YOUR SPACECRAFT BETWEEN MARS AND JUPITER WHEN
YOU ENCOUNTER A DENSE PORTION OF THE ASTEROID BELT. PRESS KEY
ZERO TO MOVE LEFT, THREE TO MOVE RIGHT. WHEN YOUR CRAFT IS HIT
THE DISPLAY WILL GIVE A NUMBER TO INDICATE HOW SUCESSFUL YOU
WERE. THE PROGRAM STARTS AT 0200.
0200 A9 00 LDA #$00 ...INITIALIZE COUNTER...
0202 85 F9 STA 00F9
0204 85 FA STA 00FA
0206 85 FB STA 00FB
0208 A2 06 LDX #$06 ...INITIALIZE 00E2-00EB
020A BD CE 02 INIT LDA 02CE,X
020D 95 E2 STA 00E2,X
020F CA DEX
0210 10 F8 BPL INIT
0212 A5 E8 TOGG LDA 00E8 ...TOGGLE 00E8...
0214 49 FF EOR #$FF
0216 85 E8 STA 00E8 (FLASHER FLAG)
0218 A2 05 LDX #$05 DELAY BETWEEN FLASHES
021A 20 48 02 LITE JSR DISP DISPLAY AND..
021D 20 97 02 JSR CHEK CHECK FOR MATCH
0220 CA DEX
0221 D0 F7 BNE LITE
0223 20 40 1F JSR KEYIN SET DIRECTIONAL REGS.
0226 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY GET KEYBOARD ENTRY
0229 C9 15 CMP #$15 A VALID KEY?
022B 10 E5 BPL TOGG NO
022D C9 00 CMP #$00 KEY 0?
022F F0 06 BEQ LEFT YES, GO LEFT
0231 C9 03 CMP #$03 KEY 3?
0233 F0 0A BEQ RT YES, GO RIGHT
0235 D0 0B BNE TOGG NOT A VALID KEY
0237 06 E7 LEFT ASL 00E7 SHIFT CRAFT LEFT
0239 A9 40 LDA #$40 LEFT HAND EDGE?
023B C5 E7 CMP 00E7
023D D0 D3 BNE TOGG NO, RETURN
023F 46 E7 RT LSR 00E7 SHIFT RIGHT
0241 D0 CF BNE TOGG NOT RIGHT SIDE, RETURN
0243 38 SEC OFF EDGE, RETURN TO
0244 26 E7 ROL 00E7 RIGHT SIDE
0246 D0 CA BNE TOGG RETURN
*** DISPLAY SUBROUTINE ***
0248 A9 7F DISP LDA #$7F PORT TO OUTPUT
024A 8D 41 17 STA 1741
0240 A9 09 LDA #$09 INIT. DIGIT
024F 8D 42 17 STA 1742
0252 A9 20 LDA #$20 BIT POSITION TO
0254 85 E0 STA 00E0 6TH BIT
0256 A0 02 BIT LDY #$02 3 BYTES
0258 A9 00 LDA #$00 ZERO CHARACTER
025A 85 El STA 00El
26
025C B1 E2 BYTE LDA (00E2),Y GET BYTE 025E 25 E0 AND 00E0 NITH BIT = 1? 0260 F0 07 BEQ HOBT NO, SKIP 0262 A5 El LDA 00El YES, UPDATE 0264 19 E4 00 ORA 00E4,Y CHARACTER 0267 85 E1 STA 00El 0269 88 DEY D26A 10 F0 BPL BYTE NEXT BYTE 026C A5 E1 LDA 00E1 CHAR. IN ACCUM. 026E C4 E8 CPY 00E8 SHIP ON? 0270 D0 08 BNE DIGT NO, SKIP 0272 A4 E0 LDY 00E0 IS THIS SHIP 0274 C4 E7 CPY 00E7 DIGIT? 0276 D0 02 BNE DIGT NO, SKIP 0278 09 08 ORA #$08 ADD IN SHIP 027A 8D 40 17 DIGT STA 1740 LIGHT DIGIT 027D A9 30 LDA #$30 DELAY (DIGIT ON) 027F 8D 06 17 STA 1706 0282 AD 07 17 DELA LDA 1707 TIME UP? 0285 F0 FB BEQ DELA NO 0287 A9 00 LDA #$00 TURN OFF SEGMENTS 0289 8D 40 17 STA 1740 028C EE 42 17 INC 1742 SHIFT TO NEXT DIGIT 028F EE 42 17 INC 1742 0292 46 E0 LSR 00ED SHIFT TO NEXT BIT 0294 D0 C0 BNE BIT MORE BITS 0296 60 RTS **** CHECK SUBROUTINE **** 0297 C6 E9 CHES DEC 00E9 DEC. TIMES THRU COUNT 0299 D0 1A BNE MORE SKIP IF NOT 48TH TIME 029B A9 30 LDA #$20 RESET TIMES THRU COUNT 029D 85 E9 STA 00E9 029F 8A TXA SAVE X 02AO 48 PHA 02A1 A2 FD LDX #$FD NEGATIVE 3 IN X 02A3 F8 SED DECIMAL MODE 02A4 38 SEC (TO ADD ONE) 02A5 B5 FC NXTB LDA 00FC,X ..INCREMENT COUNTER 02A7 69 00 ADC #$00 WHICH IS MADE OF BYTES 02A9 95 FC STA 00FC,X IN DISPLAY AREA (00F9- 02AB E8 INX 00FB).. 02AC D0 F7 BNE NXTB NEXT BYTE 02AE D8 CLD 02AF 68 PLA RETURN X 02B0 AA TAX 02B1 E6 E2 INC 00E2 ..SET UP FOR NEXT GROUP 02B3 A5 E2 LDA 00E2 OF BYTES.. 02B5 C9 30 MORE CMP #$30 ALL GROUPS FINISHED? 02B7 F0 09 BEQ RECY YES, RECYCLE ASTR. FIELD 02B9 A0 00 MATCH LDY #$00 SHIP - ASTEROID MATCH? 02BB A5 E7 LDA 00E7 LOAD CRAFT POSITION 02BD 31 E2 AND 00E2,Y AND WITH ASTEROID BYTE 02BF D0 07 BNE FIN IF MATCH, YOU'VE HAD IT 02C1 60 RTS EXIT MATCH SUBROUTINE
27
02C2 A9 00 RECY LDA #$00 GO THRU ASTEROID FIELD 02C4 85 E2 STA 00E2 AGAIN 02C6 F0 F1 BEQ MATCH UNCONDITIONAL BRANCH 02C8 20 1F 1F FIN JSR SCANDS DISPLAY COUNT 02CB 4C C8 02 JMP FIN CONTINUOUSLY 02CE D5 LOW POINTER, ASTEROID BELT 02CF 02 HIGH POINTER, ASTEROID BELT 02D0 08 MASK, BOTTOM SEGMENT 02D1 40 MASK, MIDDLE SEGMENT 02D2 0l MASK, TOP SEGMENT 02D3 04 CRAFT POSITION 02D4 FF FLAG (SHIP ON) ***** ASTEROID FIELD ***** 02D5- 00 00 00 04 00 08 00 06 12 00 11 00 05 00 2C 00 02E5- 16 00 29 00 16 00 2B 00 26 00 19 00 17 00 38 00 02F5- 2E 00 09 00 lB 00 24 00 15 00 39 00 0D 00 21 00 0305- 10 00 00 ***** HEX DUMP - ASTEROID ***** 0200- A9 00 85 F9 85 FA 85 FB A2 06 BD CE 02 95 E2 CA 0210- 10 F8 A5 E8 49 FF 85 E8 A2 05 20 48 02 20 97 02 0220- CA D0 F7 20 40 1F 20 6A 1F C9 15 10 E5 C9 00 F0 0230- 06 C9 03 F0 0A D0 DB 06 E7 A9 40 C5 E7 D0 D3 46 0240- E7 D0 CF 38 26 E7 D0 CA A9 7F 8D 41 17 A9 09 8D 0250- 42 17 A9 20 85 E0 A0 02 A9 00 85 E1 B1 E2 25 E0 0260- F0 07 A5 E1 19 E4 00 85 E1 88 10 F0 A5 E1 C4 E8 0270- D0 08 A4 E0 C4 E7 D0 02 09 08 8D 40 17 A9 30 8D 0280- 06 17 AD 07 17 F0 FB A9 00 8D 40 17 EE 42 17 EE 0290- 42 17 46 E0 D0 C0 60 C6 E9 D0 1A A9 30 85 E9 8A 02A0- 48 A2 FD F8 38 B5 FC 69 00 95 FC E8 D0 F7 D8 68 02B0- AA E6 E2 A5 E2 C9 30 F0 09 A0 00 A5 E7 31 E2 D0 02C0- 07 60 A9 00 85 E2 F0 Fl 20 1F 1F 4C C8 02 D5 02 02D0- 08 40 01 04 FF 00 00 00 04 00 08 00 06 12 00 11 02E0- 00 05 00 2C 00 16 00 29 00 16 00 2B 00 26 00 19 02F0- 00 17 00 38 00 2E 00 09 00 1B 00 24 00 15 00 39 0300- 00 0D 00 21 00 10 00 00 CHANGES - YOU CAN MAKE YOUR OWN ASTEROID FIELD STARTING AT 02D5. THE GROUP COUNT, (0286), WILL HAVE TO BE CHANGED IF THE FIELD SIZE DIFFERS. THE SPEED OF THE CRAFT MOVING THROUGH THE FIELD IS CONTROLLED BY 027E. WHAT ABOUT A VARYING SPEED, SLOW AT FIRST AND SPEEDING UP AS YOU GET INTO THE FIELD? WHAT ABOUT A FINAL "DESTINATION COUNT" AND A SIGNAL TO INDICATE YOU HAVE REACHED YOUR DESTINATION? HOW ABOUT ALLOWING A HIT OR TWO BEFORE YOU ARE FINALLY DISABLED?
28
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
DIRECTIONS -
THE COMPUTER HAS CHOSEN FOUR LETTERS, ALL OF WHICH ARE
A,B,C,D,E, OR F. LETTERS MAY BE REPEATED - FOR EXAMPLE,
THE COMPUTER'S "SECRET COMBINATION" MIGHT BE CACF OR BBBB.
YOU GET TEN GUESSES. EACH TIME YOU GUESS, THE COMPUTER
WILL TELL YOU TWO THINGS: HOW MANY LETTERS ARE EXACTLY CORRECT
(THE RIGHT LETTER IN THE RIGHT PLACE); AND HOW MANY LETTERS
ARE CORRECT BUT IN THE WRONG POSITION.
FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE COMPUTER'S SECRET COMBINATION IS
CBFB AND YOU GUESS BAFD, THE TWO NUMBERS WILL BE 1 AND 1
(THE 'F' MATCHES EXACTLY; THE 'B' MATCHES BUT IN THE WRONG PLACE).
THESE NUMBERS WILL SHOW ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE OF THE DISPLAY;
THE CODE YOU ENTERED WILL APPEAR ON THE LEFT.
MAKE A NOTE OF YOUR GUESSES AND THE COMPUTER'S RESPONSES.
WITH A LITTLE MENTAL WORK, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO BREAK THE
CODE EXACTLY IN SEVEN OR EIGHT WORDS. A CORRECT GUESS WILL
PRODUCE A RESPONSE OF '4-0'. IF YOU DON'T GUESS RIGHT IN
TEN MOVES, THE COMPUTER WILL GIVE YOU THE ANSWER.
AFTER A CORRECT GUESS, OR AFTER THE COMPUTER TELLS YOU
THE ANSWER, IT WILL START A NEW GAME (WITH A NEW SECRET CODE)
THE INSTANT YOU TOUCH A NEW KEY.
0200 E6 16 GO INC RND+4 randomize
0202 20 40 1F JSR KEYIN 'on' pushbutton delay
0205 D0 F9 BNE GO
0207 D8 CLD
0208 A9 0A NEW LDA #$0A ten guesses/game
020A 85 18 STA COUNT new game starting
020C A9 03 LDA #3 create 4 mystery codes
020E 85 10 STA POINTR
0210 38 RAND SEC one plus...
0211 A5 13 LDA RND+1 ...three previous
0213 65 16 ADC RND+4 random numbers
0215 65 17 ADC RND+5
0217 85 12 STA RND =new random value
0219 A2 04 LDX #4
021B B5 12 RLP LDA RND,X move random numbers over
021D 95 13 STA RND+1,X
021F CA DEX
0220 10 F9 BPL RLP
0222 A6 10 LDX POINTR
0224 A0 C0 LDY #$C0 divide by 6
0226 84 11 STY MOD keeping remainder
0228 A0 06 LDY #6
022A C5 11 SET CMP MOD
022C 90 02 BCC PASS
022E E5 11 SBC MOD
0230 46 11 PASS LSR MOD
0232 88 DEY
0233 D0 F5 BNE SET continues division
0235 18 CLC
0236 69 0A ADC #$0A random value A to F
29
0238 95 00 STA SECRET,X 023A C6 10 DEC POINTR 023C 10 D2 BPL RAND 023E C6 18 GUESS DEC COUNT new guess starts here 0240 30 7A BMI FINISH ten guesses? 0242 A9 00 LDA #0 0244 A2 0C LDX #$0C clear from WINDOW... 0246 95 04 WIPE STA WINDOW,X ...to POINTR 0248 CA DEX 0249 10 FB BPL WIPE ; ; WAIT FOR KEY TO BE DEPRESSED ; 024B 20 CE 02 WAIT JSR SHOW 024E F0 FB BEQ WAIT 0250 20 CE 02 JSR SHOW 0253 F0 F6 BEQ WAIT debounce key 0255 A5 08 LDA WINDOW+4 new guess? 0257 F0 08 BEQ RESUME no, input digit 0259 29 60 AND #$60 025B 49 60 EOR #$60 previous game finished? 025D F0 A9 BEQ NEW ...yes, new game; 025F D0 DD BNE GUESS ...no, next guess 0261 20 6A 1F ESUME JSR GETKEY 0264 C9 10 CMP #$10 guess must be in 0266 B0 E3 BCS WAIT range A to F 0268 C9 0A CMP #$0A 026A 90 DF BCC WAIT 026C A8 TAY 026D A6 10 LDX POINTR zero to start 026F E6 10 INC POINTR 0271 B9 E7 1F LDA TABLE,Y segment pattern 0274 95 04 STA WINDOW,X 0276 98 TYA 0277 D5 00 CMP SECRET,X exact match? 0279 D0 03 BNE NOTEX 027B E6 0E INC EXACT 027D 8A TXA destroy input 027E 95 0A NOTEX STA INPUT,X 0280 A5 07 LDA WINDOW+3 has fourth digit arrived? 0282 F0 31 BEQ BUTT ...no 0284 A0 03 LDY #3 ...yes, calculate matches 0286 B9 0A 00 STEP LDA INPUT,Y for each digit: 0289 29 18 AND #$18 has it already been 028B F0 12 BEQ ON matched? 028D B9 00 00 LDA SECRET,Y 0290 A2 03 LDX #3 if not, test 0292 D5 0A LOOK CMP INPUT,X ...against input 0294 F0 05 BEQ GOT 0296 CA DEX 0297 10 F9 BPL LOOK 0299 30 04 BMI ON 029B E6 0F GOT INC MATCH increment counter 029D 16 0A ASL INPUT,X and destroy input 029F 88 ON DEY 02A0 10 E4 BPL STEP
30
02A2 A2 01 LDX #1 display counts 02A4 B4 0E TRANS LDY EXACT,X 02A6 B9 E7 1F LDA TABLE,Y 02A9 95 08 STA WINDOW+4,X 02AB CA DEX 02AC 10 F6 BPL TRANS 02AE 20 CE 02 DELAY JSR SHOW long pause for debounce 02B1 E6 0F INC MATCH 02B3 D0 F9 BNE DELAY 02B5 20 CE 02 BUTT JSR SHOW wait for key release 02B8 D0 FB BNE BUTT 02BA F0 8F BEQ WAIT ; ; TEN GUESSES MADE - SHOW ANSWER ; 02BC A2 03 FINISH LDX #3 02BE B4 00 FIN2 LDY SECRET,X 02C0 B9 E7 1F LDA TABLE,Y 02C3 95 04 STA WINDOW,X 02C5 CA DEX 02C6 10 F6 BPL FIN2 02C8 A9 E3 LDA #$C3 'square' flag 02CA 85 08 STA WINDOW+4 02CC D0 E0 BNE DELAY unconditional jump ; ; SUBROUTINE TO DISPLAY ; AND TEST KEYBOARD ; 02CE A0 13 SHOW LDY #$13 02D0 A2 05 LDX #5 02D2 A9 7F LDA #$7F 02D4 8D 41 17 STA PADD 02D7 B5 04 LITE LDA WINDOW,X 02D9 8D 40 17 STA SAD 02DC 8C 42 17 STY SBD 02DF E6 11 POZ INC MOD pause loop 02E1 D0 FC BNE POZ 02E3 88 DEY 02E4 88 DEY 02E5 CA DEX 02E6 10 EF BPL LITE 02E8 20 40 1F JSR KEYIN 02EB 60 RTS END Program notes: 1. Program enforces a pause of about 4 seconds after displaying counts or answer. This guards against display being "missed" due to bounce, or hasty keying. 2. After count displayed, or at end of game(s), user can blank display, if desired, by pressing GO or any numeric key. Game operation is not affected, but user may feel it 'separates' games better.
31
3. When a digit from the user's guess is matched, it is destroyed so that it will not be matched again. There are two significantly different types of 'destruction', however (at 27D and 29D); the test at label STEP is sensitive to which one is used. ; ; LINKAGES TO KIM MONITOR ; KEYIN =$1F40 GETKEY =$1F6A TABLE =$1FE7 PADD =$1741 SBD =$1742 SAD =$1740 ; ; WORK AREAS ; 0000 SECRET *=*+4 computer's secret code 0004 WINDOW *=*+6 display window 000A INPUT *=*+4 player's input area 000E EXACT *=*+1 # of exact matches 000F MATCH *=*+1 # of other matches 0010 POINTR *=*+1 digit being input 0011 MOD *=*+1 divisor/delay flag 0012 RND *=*+6 random number series 0018 COUNT *=*+1 number of guesses left ***** HEX DUMP FOR 'BAGELS ***** 0200 E6 16 20 40 1F D0 F9 D8 A9 0A 85 18 A9 03 85 10 0210 38 A5 13 65 16 65 17 85 12 A2 04 B5 12 95 13 CA 0220 10 F9 A6 10 A0 C0 84 11 A0 06 C5 11 90 02 E5 11 0230 46 11 88 D0 F5 18 69 0A 95 00 C6 10 10 D2 C6 18 0240 30 7A A9 00 A2 0C 95 04 CA 10 FB 20 CE 02 F0 FB 0250 20 CE 02 F0 F6 A5 08 F0 08 29 60 49 60 F0 A9 D0 0260 DD 20 6A 1F C9 10 B0 E3 C9 0A 90 DF A8 A6 10 E6 0270 10 B9 E7 1F 95 04 98 D5 00 D0 03 E6 0E 8A 95 0A 0280 A5 07 F0 31 A0 03 B9 0A 00 29 18 F0 12 B9 00 00 0290 A2 03 D5 0A F0 05 CA 10 F9 30 04 E6 0F 16 0A 88 02A0 10 E4 A2 01 B4 0E B9 E7 1F 95 08 CA 10 F6 20 CE 02B0 02 E6 0F D0 F9 20 CE 02 D0 FB F0 8F A2 03 B4 00 02C0 B9 E7 1F 95 04 CA 10 F6 A9 E3 85 08 D0 E0 A0 13 02D0 A2 05 A9 7F 8D 41 17 B5 04 8D 40 17 8C 42 17 E6 02E0 11 D0 FC 88 88 CA 10 EF 20 40 1F 60
32
LABEL TABLE FOR PROGRAM 'BAGELS' Address Label Where used 02B5 BUTT 0282 02B8 0018 COUNT 020A 023E 02AE DELAY 02B3 02CC 000E EXACT 027B 02A4 02BE FIN2 02C6 02BC FINISH 0240 1F6A GETKEY 0261 0200 GO 0205 029B GOT 0294 023E GUESS 025F 000A INPUT 027E 0286 0292 029D 1F40 KEYIN 0202 02E8 02D7 LITE 02E6 0292 LOOK 0297 000F MATCH 0298 02B1 0011 MOD 0226 022A 022E 0230 02DF 0208 NEW 025D 027E NOTEX 0279 029F ON 0299 1741 PADD 02D4 0230 PASS 022C 0010 POINTR 020E 0222 023A 026D 026W 02DF POZ 02E1 0210 RAND 023C 0261 RESUME 0257 021B RLP 0220 0012 RND 0200 0211 0213 0215 0217 021B 021D 1740 SAD 02D9 1742 SED O2DC 0000 SECRET 0238 0277 028D 028E 022A SET 0233 02CE SHOW 024B 0250 02AE 02B5 0286 STEP 02A0 1FE7 TABLE 0271 02A6 02C0 02A4 TRANS 02AC 024B WAIT 024B 0253 0266 026A 02BA 0246 WIPE 0249 0004 WINDOW 0246 0255 0274 0280 02A9 02C3 O2CA 02D7 Label tables, when available, are often useful for studying a program. For each label (alphabetically arranged) you can see, on the left, the address belonging to the label; and on the right, where the label is used in the program.
33
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
Start the Program at 0200 and on the right, you'll see the $25
that KIM has given you to play with, The funny symbols on the
left are your "wheels" - hit any key and see them spin.
Every time you spin the wheels by hitting a key it costs you $1.
When the wheels stop, you might have a winning combination,
in which case you'll see money being added to your total
on the right. Most of the time, you'll get nothing ...
but that's the luck of the game.
The biggest Jackpot is $15: that's three bars across the
display. Other combinations pay off, too; you'll soon learn
to recognize the "cherry" symbol, which pays $2 every time
it shows in the left hand window.
There's no house percentage, so you can go a long time on
your beginning $25. The most you can make is $99; and if
you run out of money, too bad; KIM doesn't give credit.
BANDIT MICRO-WARE ASSEMBLER 65XX-1.0 PAGE 01
0010:
0020: ******************************
0030: ***** ONE ARMED BANDIT *****
0040: ***** BY JIM BUTTERFIELD *****
0050: ******************************
0060:
0070: 02D1 WINDOW * $0000 DISPLAY WINDOW
0080: 02D1 AMT * $0005 CASH CACHE
0090: 02D1 ARROW * $0006
0100: 02D1 RWD * $0007 REWARD
0110: 02D1 STALLA * $0008 WAIT WHILE
0120: 02D1 TUMBLE * $0009
0130:
0140: LINKAGES TO KIM
0150:
0160: 02D1 KEYIN * $1F40 IS KEY DEPRESSED?
0170: 02D1 PADD * $1741
0180: 02D1 SAD * $1740
0190: 02D1 SBD * $1742
0200: 02D1 TABLE * $IFE7 HEX:7 SEG
34
0210: 0220: MAIN PROGRAM 0230: 0240: 0200 BANDIT ORG $0200 0250: 0200 A9 25 GO LDAIM $25 GIVE HIM $25 0260: 0202 85 05 STA AMT TO START WITH 0270: 0204 20 BA 02 JSR CVAMT AND SHOW IT TO HIM. 0280: 0207 A9 00 LDAIM $00 RESET ARROW. 0290: 0209 85 06 STA ARROW 0300: 0310: MAIN DISPLAY LOOP 0320: 0330: 020B 20 8D 02 LPA JSR DISPLY DISPLAY UNTIL 0340: 020E D0 FB BNE LPA [GO] IS RELEASED. 0350: 0210 E6 09 ROLL INC TUMBLE RANDOMIZE TUMBLE. 0360: 0212 20 8D 02 JSR DISPLY DISPLAY UNTIL 0370: 0215 F0 F9 BEQ ROLL A KEY 19 HTT. 0380: 0390: 0217 A9 03 LDAIM $03 0400: 0219 85 06 STA ARROW 0410: 0210 F8 SED 0420: 021C 38 SEC 0430: 021D A5 05 LDA AMT 0440: 021F E9 01 SBCIM $01 CHARGE ONE BUCK. 0450: 0221 85 05 STA AMT 0460: 0223 20 BA 02 JSR CVAMT CONVERT FOR LED. 0470: 0226 26 09 ROL TUMBLE 0480: 0490: 0228 20 8D 02 LPB JSR DISPLY 0500: 022B C6 08 DEC STALLA DISPLAY A WHILE. 0510: 022D D0 F9 BNE LPB 0520: 022F A6 06 LDX ARROW 0530: 0231 A5 09 LDA TUMBLE MAKE A 0540: 0233 29 06 ANDIM $06 RESULT 0550: 0235 09 40 ORAIM $40 0560: 0570: 0237 95 01 STAAX WINDOW+01 0580: 0239 46 09 LSR TUMBLE 0590: 023B 46 09 LSR TUMBLE DO ALL 0600: 023D C6 06 DEC ARROW 3 WINDOWS. 0610: 023F D0 E7 BNE LPB 0620: 0630: ALL WHEELS STOPPED COMPUTE PAYOFF 0640: 0650: 0241 A5 04 LDA WINDOW+04 0660: 0243 C5 03 CMP WINDOW+03 CHECK FOR 0670: 0245 D0 37 BNE NOMAT A MATCH. 0680: 0247 C5 02 CMP WINDOW+02 0690: 0249 D0 33 BNE NOMAT 0700: 024B A2 10 LDXIM $10 0710: 024D C9 40 CMPIM $40 PAY $15 FOR 3 BARS 0720: 024F F0 0D BEQ PAY 0730: 0251 A2 0B LDXIM $08 0740: 0253 C9 42 CMPIM $42 PAY $10 FOR 3 UPS 0750: 0255 F0 07 BEQ PAY 0760: 0257 A2 06 LDXIM $06 0770: 0259 C9 44 CMPIM $44 PAY $5 FOR 3 DOWNS 0780: 025B F0 01 BEQ PAY 0790: 025D CA DEX
35
0800: 0810: A WIN!!! PAY AMOUNT IN X 0820: 0830: 025E 86 07 PAY STX RWD HIDE REWARD 0840: 0260 A9 80 PAX LDAIM $80 0850: 0262 85 08 STA STALLA 0860: 0264 20 8D 02 LPC JSR DISPLY DISPLAY 0870: 0267 C6 08 DEC STALLA FOR A HALF 0880: 0269 D0 F9 BNE LPC A WHILE. 0890: 026B C6 07 DEC RWD 0900: 026D F0 9C BEQ LPA 0910: 026F 18 CLC SLOWLY ADD 0920: 0270 F8 SED THE PAYOFF 0930: 0271 A5 05 LDA AMT TO THE AM'T. 0940: 0273 69 01 ADCIM $01 0950: 0275 B0 94 BCS LPA 0960: 0277 85 05 STA AMT 0970: 0279 20 BA 02 JSR CVAMT 0980: 027C D0 E2 BNE PAX 0990: 1000: WHEELS NOT ALL THE SAME - CHECK FOR SMALL PAYOFF 1010: 1020: 027E A2 03 NOMAT LDXIM $03 1030: 0280 C9 46 CMPIM $46 A CHERRY? 1040: 0282 F0 DA BEQ PAY 1050: 0284 20 8D 02 LOK JSR DISPLY 1060: 0287 A5 05 LDA AMT CAN'T PLAY 1070: 0289 D0 80 BNE LPA WITH NO DOUGH! 1080; 028B F0 F7 BEQ LOK 1090: 1100: 1110: 1120: 1130: DISPLAY SUBROUTINE 1140: 1150: 028D A6 06 DISPLY LDX ARROW 1160: 028F 10 02 BPL INDIS ROLL 1170: 0291 F6 02 OVER INCAX WINDOW+02 THE DRUM 1180: 0293 CA INDIS DEX 1190: 0294 10 FB BPL OVER 1200: 0296 A9 7F LDAIM $7F 1210: 0298 8D 41 17 STA PADD 1220: 029B A0 0B LDYIM $08 1230: 029D A2 04 LDXIM $04 1240: 029F B5 00 LITE LDAAX WINDOW LIGHT 1250: 02A1 8C 42 17 STY SBD ALL THE 1260: 02A4 8D 40 17 STA SAD WINDOWS 1270: 02A7 D8 CLD 1280: 02A8 A9 7F LDAIM $7F 1290: 02AA E9 01 ZIP SBCIM $01 1300: 02AC D0 FC BNE ZIP 1310: 02AE 8D 42 17 STA SBD 1320: 02B1 C8 INY 1330: 02B2 C8 INY
36
1340: 02B3 CA DEX 1350: 02B4 10 E9 BPL LITE 1360: 02B6 20 40 1F JSR KEYIN 1370: 0289 60 1380: 1390 AMOUNT CONVERSION 1400: 1410: 02BA A5 05 CVAMT LDA AMT 1420: 02BC 29 0F ANDIM $0F TRANSLATE 1430: 02BE AA TAX AMOUNT 1440: 02BF BD E7 1F LDAAX TABLE TO LED 1450: 02C2 85 00 STA WINDOW CODE. 1460: 02C4 A5 05 LDA AMT 1470: 02C6 4A LSRA 1480: 02C7 4A LSRA 1490: 02C8 4A LSRA 1500: 02C9 4A LSRA 1510: 02CA AA TAX 1520: 02CB BD E7 1F LDAAX TABLE 1S30: 02CE 85 01 STA WINDOW+01 1540: 02D0 60 RTS SYMBOL TABLE 3000 30A2 AMT 0005 ARROW 0006 BANDIT 0200 CVAMT 02BA DISPLY 028D GO 0200 INDIS 0293 KEYIN 1F40 LITE 029F LOK 0284 LPA 020B LPB 0228 LPC 0264 NOMAT 27E OVER 0291 PADD 1741 PAX O260 PAY 025E ROLL 0210 RWD 0007 SAD 1740 SBD 1742 STALLA 0008 TABLE 1FE7 TUMBLE 0009 WlNDOW 0000 ZIP 02AA You'll notice that the listing for BANDIT looks a little different from others in this book. That's because it is the output of a resident assembler operating in an expanded KIM-1 system. See the section on expansion or a further discussion of assemblers. You might like to change the pay outs so that there is a "house percentage". That way, visitors will eventually run out of money if they play long enough. This has two possible advantages: it will teach them the evils of gambling, and they won't hog your KIM all day playing this game.
37
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
A teaching program which drills you on binary and
hexadecimal numbering schemes. It's kind of fun
just as a speed test.
Start the program at 0200 and you'll see eight bits
on the left side of the display. Some of the bits
are in the lower position, meaning 'off' or zero.
Others will be in the top row, where they mean 'on'
or logic one.
All you have to do is translate those bits into hexadecimal
notation, and enter the hex value. For example, if all
bits happen to be 'on', the number you'd enter is FF;
or if all the bits were 'off', you'd enter 00.
KIM rewards a correct answer with another problem.
If you're not yet at ease with the concept of bits
and how they relate to hexadecimal numbering, a few
runs of this program will help a lot.
0200 D8 START CLD
0201 A9 01 LDA #1 Set FLAG2
0205 85 1D STA FLAG2 .. to new problem
0205 20 40 1F MAIN JSR KEYIN set directnl reg
0208 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY get key input
020B C5 14 CMP PREV same as last time?
020D F0 50 BEQ LIGHT yes, skip
020F 85 14 STA PREV record new input
0211 C9 15 CMP #$15 no key?
0213 F0 1C BEQ NOKEY yes, brnch
0215 A6 1C LDX FLAG1 first digit found?
0217 D0 0C BNE DIG1 yes, check second
0219 C5 16 CMP SEED1 first digit match?
021B D0 42 BNE LIGHT no, ignore input
021D AA TAX
021E BD E7 1F LDA TABLE,X change to segment
0221 85 1C STA FLAG1 ..store.
0223 D0 3A BNE LIGHT .. and exit
0225 C5 17 DIG1 CMP SEED2 second digit match?
0227 D0 36 ENE LIGHT no, ignore input
0229 AA TAX
022A BD E7 1F LDA TABLE,X change to segment
022D 85 1D STA FLAG2
022F D0 2E BNE LIGHT
0231 A6 1D NOKEY LDX FLAG2 problem solved?
0233 F0 2A BEQ LIGHT not yet, skip
0235 A9 00 LDA #0 Clear..
0237 85 1C STA FLAG1 ..for new problem
0239 85 1D STA FLAG2
023B AD F4 1A LDA TIMER get random value
023E AA TAX
023F 29 0F AND #$0F extract last digit
0241 85 17 STA SEED2 .. and store
38
0243 8A TXA 0244 4A 4A LSRA LSRA Extract first digit 0246 4A 4A LSRA LSRA 0248 85 16 STA SEED1 ..and store 024A 86 15 STX SEED Store whole number 024C A2 FC LDX #$FC Minus 4 for window 024E A9 00 PATT LDA #0 Clear Accum 0250 26 15 ROL SEED ..then roll in.. 0252 2A ROL A ..two bits.. 0253 26 15 ROL SEED ..and.. 0255 2A ROL A ..convert.. 0256 A8 TAY ..to.. 0257 B9 7B 02 LDA TAB,Y ..segments 025A 95 1C STA FLAG1,X 025C E8 INX next segment 025D D0 EF BNE PATT 025F A9 7F LIGHT LDA #$7F Set directional.. 0261 8D 41 17 STA SADD ..registers 0264 A0 09 LDY #9 0266 A2 FA LDX #$FA Minus 6 0268 B5 1E SHOW LDA FLAG2+1,X Window contents 026A 8D 40 17 STA SAD 026D C0 42 17 STY SBD 0270 C6 11 WAIT DEC MOD 0272 D0 FC BNE WAIT 0274 C8 CS INY INY 0276 E8 INX 0277 30 EF BMI SHOW 0279 10 88 BPL MAIN 027B 14 12 TAB .BYTE $14,$12,$24,$22 027D 24 22 ; end ***** HEX DUMP - BITZ ***** 0200- D8 A9 01 85 1D 20 40 1F 20 6A 1F C5 14 F0 50 85 0210- 14 C9 15 F0 1C A6 1C D0 0C C5 16 D0 42 AA BD E7 0220- 1F 85 1C D0 3A C5 17 D0 36 AA BD E7 1F 85 1D D0 0230- 2E A6 1D F0 2A A9 00 85 1C 85 1D AD 04 17 AA 29 0240- 0F 85 17 8A 4A 4A 4A 4A 85 16 86 15 A2 FC A9 00 0250- 26 15 2A 26 15 2A A8 B9 7B 02 95 1C E8 D0 EF A9 0260- 7F 8D 41 17 A0 09 A2 FA B5 1E 8D 40 17 8C 42 17 0270- C6 11 D0 FC C8 C8 E8 30 EF 10 8A 14 12 24 22
39
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
Description:
KIM uses a 'real' deck of cards in this game.
So when you've seen four aces going by, you know
that there will be no more - until the next shuffle.
BLACKJACK starts at address 0200. You'll see the
cards being shuffled - the word SHUFFL appears on the
display - and then KIM will ask how much you want to bet.
You'll start with an initial amount of $20. Your balance
is always shown to the right of the BET? question, so
on the first hand, you'll see BET? 20 on the display.
You may bet from $1 to $9, which is the house limit.
The instant you hit key 1 to 9 to signal your bet,
KIM will deal. Of course, you can't bet more money
than you have ... and KIM ignores freeloaders who try
to bet a zero amount.
After the deal, you'll see both your cards on the left
of the display, and one of KIM's cards on the right.
(KIM's other card is a 'hole card, and you won't see
it until it's KIM's turn to play). Aces are shown
as letter A, face cards and tens as letter F, and
other cards as their value, two to nine. As always,
Aces count value 1 or 11 and face cards count 10.
You can call for a third card by hitting the 3 button ..
then the fourth card with the 4 button, and so on.
If your total goes over 21 points, KIM will ungrammatically
say BUSTED, and you'll lose. If you get five cards
without exceeding 21 points, you'll win automatically.
If you don't want any more cards, hit key 0. KIM will
report your point total, and then will show and play
its own hand. KIM, too, might go BUSTED or win on
a five-card hand. Otherwise, the most points wins.
>From time to time, KIM will advise SHUFFL when the
cards start to run low.
Remember that you have a good chance to beat KIM at
this game. Keep track of the cards that have been
dealt (especially aces and face cards), and you're
likely to be a winner.'
0200 A2 33 START LDX #51 52 cards in deck
0202 8A DK1 TXA Create deck
0205 95 40 STA DECK,X by inserting cards
0205 CA DEX into deck
0206 10 FA BPL DK1 in sequence
0208 A2 02 LDX #2 Set up 5 locations
020A BD BB 03 INLOP LDA INIT,X ..into..
020D 95 75 STA PARAM zero page
020F CA DEX addresshi/ dpt/ amt
40
0210 10 F8 BPL INLOP 0212 AD 04 17 LDA TIMER use random timer 0215 85 80 STA RND to seed random chain 0217 D8 DEAL CLD main loop repeats here 0218 A6 76 LDX DPT next-card pointer 021A E0 09 CPX #9 less than 9 cards? 021C B0 34 BCS NOSHUF 9 or more, don't shuffle ; shuffle deck 021E A0 D8 LDY #SHUF-$300 Set up SHUFFL msg 0220 20 57 03 JSR FILL put in WINDOW 0223 AC 33 LDY #51 ripple 52 cards 0225 84 76 STY DPT set full deck 0227 20 30 03 SHLP JSR LIGHT illuminate display 022A 38 SEC 022B A5 81 LDA RND+1 Generate 022D 65 82 ADC RND+2 new 022F 65 85 ADC RND+5 random 0231 85 80 STA RND number 0253 A2 04 LDX #4 0235 B5 80 RMOV LDA RND,X move over 0237 95 81 STA RND+1,X the random 0239 CA DEX seed numbers 023A 10 F9 BPL RMOV 023C 29 3F AND #$3F Strip to 0-63 range 023E C9 34 CMP #52 Over 51? 0240 B0 E5 BCS SHLP yes, try new number ; swap each card into random slot 0242 AA TAX 0243 B9 40 00 LDA DECK,Y get next card 0246 48 PHA save it 0247 B5 40 LDA DECK,X get random card 0249 99 40 00 STA DECK,Y into position N 024C 68 PLA and the original card 024D 95 40 STA DECK,X into the random slot 024F 88 DEY next in sequence 0250 10 D5 BPL SHLP bck for next card ; ready to accept bet 0252 A0 DE NOSHUF LDY #MBET-$300 Set up BET? msg 0254 20 57 03 JSR FILL put in WINDOW 0257 A5 77 LDA AMT display balance 0259 20 A6 03 JSR NUMDIS .. put in WINDOW 025C 20 30 03 BETIN JSR LIGHT illuminate display 025F C9 0A CMP #10 not key C to 9? 0261 B0 F9 BCS BETIN nope, ignore 0263 AA TAX 0264 86 79 STX BET store bet amount 0266 CA DEX 0267 30 F3 BMI BETIN zero bet? 0269 E4 77 CPX AMT sufficient funds? 026B B0 EF BCS BETIN no, refuse bet ; bet accepted - deal 026D A2 0B LDX #11 Clean WINDOW and 026F A9 00 LDA #0 card counters 0271 95 90 CLOOP STA WINDOW,X 0273 CA DEX 0274 10 FB BPL CLOOP
41
; here come the cards 0276 20 78 03 JSR YOU one for you.. 0279 20 8F 03 JSR ME & one for me.. 027C 20 78 03 JSR YOU another for you.. 027F 20 64 03 JSR CARD put my second card.. 0282 86 7A STX HOLE ..in the hole 0284 20 28 03 JSR WLITE wait a moment ; deal complete - wait for Hit or Stand 0287 20 30 03 TRY JSR LIGHT 028A AA CA TAX DEX key input? 028C 30 11 BMI HOLD zero for Stand? 028E E4 96 CPX UCNT N for card #n? 0290 D0 F5 BNE TRY nope, ignore key ; Hit - deal another card 0292 20 78 03 JSR YOU deal it 0295 C9 22 CMP #$22 22 or over? 0297 B0 40 BCS UBUST yup, you bust 0299 E0 05 CPX #5 5 cards? 029B F0 53 BEQ UWIN yup, you win 029D D0 E8 BNE TRY nope, keep going ; Stand - show player's total 029F A5 95 HOLD LDA WINDOW+5 save KIM card 02A1 48 PHA on stack 02A2 A2 00 LDX #0 flag player 02A4 20 0F 03 JSR SHTOT .. for total display 02A7 A2 04 LDX #4 02A9 A9 00 LDA #0 02AB 95 90 HLOOP STA WINDOW,X clean window 02AD CA DEX 02AE 10 FB BPL HLOOP ; restore display card and hole card 02B0 68 PLA display card 02B1 85 95 STA WINDOW+5 back to display 02B3 A6 7A LDX HOLE get hole card 02B5 20 6D 03 JSR CREC rebuild 02B8 20 92 05 JSR MEX play and display ; KIM plays here 02BB 20 28 03 PLAY JSR WLITE pause to show cards 02BE A5 9A LDA MTOT point total 02C0 C9 22 CMP #$22 ..22 or over? 02C2 B0 29 BCS IBUST yup, KIM bust 02C4 65 9B ADC MACE add 10 for aces? 02C6 A6 91 LDX WINDOW+1 five cards? 02C8 D0 18 BNE IWIN yes, KIM wins 02CA C9 22 CMP #*22 22+ including aces? 02CC 90 02 BCC POV nope, count ace high 02CE A5 9A LDA MTOT yup, ace low 02D0 C9 17 POV CMP #$17 17 or over? 02D2 B0 2C SOS HOLD2 yes, stand.. 02D4 20 8F 03 JSR ME no, hit.. 02D7 D0 E2 BNE PLAY unconditional Branch ; KIM wins here 02D9 20 28 03 UBUST JSR WLITE show player's hand.. 02DC 20 55 03 JSR BUST make BUST message.. 02DF 20 28 03 JSR WLITE ..and show it
42
02E2 A5 77 IWIN LDA AMT decrease balance 02E4 F8 38 SED SEC 02E6 E5 79 SBC BET ..by amount of bet 02E8 85 77 JLINK STA AMT store new balance 02EA 4C 17 02 XLINK JMP DEAL next play ; Player wins here 02ED 20 55 03 IBUST JSR BUST make BUST message.. 02F0 20 28 03 UWIN JSR WLITE display pause 02F3 A5 77 ADD LDA AMT increase balance 02F5 F8 18 SED CLC 02F7 65 79 ADC BET by amount of bet 02F9 A0 99 LDY #$99 $99 maximum.. 02FB 90 01 BCC NOFLO have we passed it? 02FD 98 TYA yes, restore $99 02FE D0 E8 BNE JLINK unconditional branch ; KIM stands - compare points 0300 A2 03 HOLD2 LDX #3 flag KIM.. 0302 20 0F 03 JSR SHOTOT .. for total display 0305 A5 9A LDA MTOT KIM's total.. 0307 C5 97 CMP UTOT vs. Player's total.. 0309 F0 DF BEQ XLINK same, no score; 030B B0 D5 BCS IWIN KIM higher, wins; 030D 90 E4 BCC ADD KIM lower, loses. ; subroutines start here ; SHTOT shows point totals per X register 030F B5 97 SHTOT LDA UTOT,X player's or KIM's total 0311 F8 18 SED CLC 0313 75 98 ADC UACE,X try adding Ace points 0315 C9 22 CMP #$22 exceeds 21 total? 0317 B0 02 BCS SHOVER yes, skip 0319 95 97 STA UTOT,X no, make permanent 031B D8 SHOVER CLD 031C B5 97 LDA UTOT,X get revised total 031E 48 PHA save it 031F A0 E2 LDY #TOT-$300 set up TOT- msg 0321 20 57 03 JSR FILL put in WINDOW 0324 68 PLA recall total 0325 20 A6 03 JSR NUMDIS insert in window ; display pause, approx 1 second 0328 A0 80 WLITE LDY #$80 timing constant 032A 20 30 03 WDO JSR LIGHT illuminate screen 032D 88 DEY countdown 032E D0 FA BNE WDO ; illuminate display 0330 84 7F LIGHT STY YSAV save register 0332 A0 13 LDY #$13 0334 A2 05 LDX #$5 6 digits to show 0336 A9 7F LDA #$7F 0338 8D 41 17 STA PADD set directional reg 033B 35 90 DIGIT LDA WINDOW,X 033D 8D 40 17 STA SAD character segments 0340 8C 42 17 STY SBD character ID 0343 E6 7B WAIT INC PAUSE
43
0345 DC FC BNE WAIT wait loop 0347 88 88 DEY DEY 0349 CA DEX 034A 10 EF BPL DIGIT 034C 20 40 1F JSR KEYIN switch Dir Reg 034F 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY test keyboard 0352 A4 7F LDY YSAV restore Y value 0354 60 RTS ; fill WINDOW with BUST or other message 0355 A0 E6 BUST LDY #$BST $300 0357 84 74 FILL STY POINTR 0359 A0 05 LDY #5 six digits to move 035B B1 74 FILLIT LDA (POINTR),Y load a digit 035D 99 90 00 STA WINDOW,Y put in window 0360 88 DEY 0361 10 F8 BPL FILLIT 0363 60 RTS ; deal a card, calc value & segments 0364 A6 76 CARD LDX DPT Pointer in deck 0366 C6 76 DEC DPT Move pointer 0368 B5 40 LDA DECK,X Get the card 036A 4A 4A LSRA LSRA Drop the suit 036C AA TAX 0 to 12 in X 036D 18 CREC CLC no-ace flag 036E D0 01 BNE NOTACE branch if not ace 0370 38 SEC ace flag 0371 BD BE 03 LDA VALUE,X value from table 0374 BC CB 03 LDY SEGS,X segments from table 0377 60 RTS ; card to player,including display & count 0378 20 64 03 YOU JSR CARD deal card 037B E6 96 INC UCNT card count 037D AC 96 LDX UCNT use as display pointer 037F 94 8F STY WINDOW-1,X put card in Wndw 0381 A0 10 LDY #$10 ten count for aces 0383 90 02 BCC YOVER no ace? 0385 84 98 STY UAOE ace, set 10 flag 0387 18 F8 YOVER CLD SED 0389 65 97 ADC UTOT add points to.. 038B 85 97 STA UTOT ..point total 038D D8 CLD 038E 60 RTS ; card to KIM, including display & counts 038F 20 64 03 ME JSR CARD deal card 0392 CC 99 MEX DEC MCNT inverted count 0394 A6 99 LDX MCNT use as (r) display pontr 0396 94 96 STY WINDOW+6,X into window 0398 A0 10 LDY #$10 ten count for aces 039A 90 02 BCC MOVER no ace? 039C 84 9B STY MACE aces set 10 flag 039E 18 F8 MOVER OLC SED 03A0 65 9A ADC MTOT add points to.. 03A2 85 9A STA MTOT .. point total 03A4 D8 CLD 03A5 60 RTS
44
; transfer number in A to display 03A6 48 NUMDIS PHA save number 03A7 4A 4A LSRA LSRA extract left digit 03A9 4A 4A LSRA LSRA 03AB A8 TAY 03AC B9 E7 1F LDA TABLE,Y convert to segments 03AF 85 94 STA WINDOW+4 03B1 68 PLA restore digit 03B2 29 0F AND #$0F extract right digit 03B4 A8 TAY 03B5 B9 E7 1F LDA TABLE,Y convert to segments 03B8 85 95 STA WINDOW+5 03BA 60 RTS ; tables in hex format 03BB 03 00 20 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 10 10 10 03CB F7 DB CF E6 ED FD 87 FF EF F1 F1 F1 F1 03D8 ED F6 BE F1 F1 B8 FC F9 F8 D3 03E2 F8 DC F8 C0 FC BE ED 87 F9 DE XXXXXX HEX DUMP - BLACKJACK XXXXX 0200 A2 33 8A 95 40 CA 10 FA A2 02 BD BB 03 95 75 CA 0210 10 F8 AD 04 17 85 80 D8 A6 76 E0 09 B0 34 A0 D8 0220 20 57 03 A0 33 84 76 20 30 03 38 A5 81 65 82 65 0230 85 85 80 A2 04 B5 80 95 81 CA 10 F9 29 3F C9 34 0240 B0 E5 AA B9 40 00 48 B5 40 99 40 00 68 95 40 88 0250 10 D5 A0 DE 20 57 03 A5 77 20 A6 03 20 30 03 C9 0260 0A B0 F9 AA 86 79 CA 30 F3 E4 77 B0 EF A2 0B A9 0270 00 95 90 CA 10 FB 20 78 03 20 8F 03 20 78 03 20 0280 64 03 86 7A 20 28 03 20 30 03 AA CA 30 11 E4 96 0290 D0 F5 20 78 03 C9 22 B0 40 E0 05 F0 53 D0 E8 A5 02A0 95 48 A2 00 20 0F 03 A2 04 A9 00 95 90 CA 10 FB 02B0 68 85 95 A6 7A 20 6D 03 20 92 03 20 28 03 A5 9A 02C0 C9 22 80 29 65 9B A6 91 D0 18 C9 22 90 02 A5 9A 02D0 C9 17 B0 2C 20 8F 03 D0 E2 20 28 03 20 55 03 20 02E0 28 03 A5 77 F8 38 E5 79 85 77 4C 17 02 20 55 03 02F0 20 28 03 A5 77 F8 18 65 79 A0 99 90 01 98 D0 E8 0300 A2 03 20 0F 03 A5 9A C5 97 F0 DF B0 D5 90 E4 85 0310 97 F8 18 75 98 C9 22 B0 02 95 97 D8 B5 97 48 A0 0320 E2 20 57 03 68 20 A6 03 A0 80 20 30 03 88 D0 FA 0330 84 7F A0 13 A2 05 A9 7F 8D 41 17 B5 90 8D 40 17 0340 8C 42 17 E6 7B D0 FC 88 88 CA 10 EF 20 40 1F 20 0350 6A 1F A4 7F 60 A0 E6 84 74 A0 05 B1 74 99 90 00 0360 88 10 F8 60 A6 76 C6 76 B5 40 4A 4A AA 18 D0 01 0370 38 BD BE 03 BC CB 03 60 20 64 03 E6 96 A6 96 94 0380 8F A0 10 90 02 84 98 18 F8 65 97 85 97 D8 60 20 0390 64 03 C6 99 A6 99 94 96 A0 10 90 02 84 9B 18 F8 03A0 65 9A 85 9A D8 60 48 4A 4A 4A 4A A8 B9 E7 1F 85 03B0 94 68 29 0F A8 B9 E7 1F 85 95 60 03 00 20 01 02 03C0 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 10 10 10 F7 DB CF E6 ED 03D0 FD 87 FF EF F1 F1 F1 F1 ED F6 BE E1 F1 B8 FC F9 03E0 F8 D3 F8 DC F8 C0 FC BE ED 87 F9 DE
45
BY RON KUSHNIER
(MODIFIED BY
THE EDITORS)
DESCRIPTION -
THERE ARE 21 MATCHES. EACH PLAYER MUST TAKE 1,2, OR
3 MATCHES PER TURN. THE PLAYER WHO WINDS UP WITH THE LAST
MATCH LOSES. THE PLAYER PLAYS AGAINST THE COMPUTER AND GOES
FIRST. STARTING ADDRESS - 0200, PRESS "GO". PLAYER ENTERS
A NUMBER ON THE KEYBOARD. THE LEFT TWO DIGITS DISPLAY THE
PLAYERS NUMBER. THE CENTER DIGITS DISPLAY THE COMPUTER'S
CHOICE AFTER SOME "THINK TIME". THE RIGHTMOST DIGITS DISPLAY
A RUNNING TOTAL OF MATCHES LEFT. THE COMPUTER HAS AN I.Q.
AND WILL BECOME DUMBER IF YOU LOSE, SMARTER IF YOU WIN.
0200 A9 00 LDA #$00 ZERO PLAYER'S WINDOW
0202 85 FB STA 00FB
0204 A9 21 LDA #$21 LOAD TOTAL
0206 85 F9 STA 00F9 STORE TOTAL
0208 20 1F 1F ENTR JSR SCANDS DISPLAY TOTAL
020B 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY DID PLAYER ENTER #?
020E C9 04 CMP #$04 IS NUMBER VALID?
0210 10 F6 BPL ENTR IF NOT, TRY AGAIN
0212 C9 00 CMP #$00 IS NUMBER ZERO?
0214 F0 F2 BEQ ENTR IF SO, TRY AGAIN
0216 85 FB STA 00FB STORE PLAYER'S it
0218 F8 SED SET DECIMAL MODE
0219 38 SEC SET CARRY
021A A5 F9 LDA 00F9 LOAD TOTAL
021C E5 FB SBC 00FB SUBTRACT PLAYER'S #
021E 85 F9 STA 00F9 STORE RESULT IN TOTAL
0220 20 FE 1E WAIT JSR AK IS KEY STILL DEPRESSED?
0223 D0 FB BNE WAIT IF SO, WAIT
0225 A9 08 LDA #$08 LOAD WITH DELAY FACTOR
0227 85 EE STA 00EE STORE AT 00EE
0229 A9 FF TIME LDA #$FF LOAD TIMER TO MAX
022B 8D 07 17 STA 1707
022E 20 1F 1F DISP JSR SCANDS DISPLAY AND TOTAL
0231 2C 07 17 BIT 1707 IS TIME DONE?
0234 10 F8 BPL DISP NO, KEEP DISPLAYING
0236 A5 EE LDA 00EE EXTEND TIMING INTERVAL
0238 C6 EE DEC 00EE
023A D0 ED BNE TIME
023C C6 F9 DEC 00F9 .. COMPUTER DETERMINES
023E A5 F9 LDA 00F9 CORRECT RESPONSE AS
0240 29 10 AND #$10 THE REMAINDER AFTER
0242 4A LSR A DIVIDING THE TOTAL
0243 4A LSR A MINUS ONE BY FOUR...
0244 4A LSR A
0245 18 CLC
0246 65 F9 ADC 00F9
0248 E6 F9 INC 00F9
024A 29 03 AND #$03
024C D0 02 BNE OVER
024E A9 01 LDA #$01
0250 AE 44 17 OVER LDX 1744 LOAD WITH TIMER
46
0253 E0 A0 CPX #$A0 COMPARE WITH I.Q, 0255 50 02 BCS COMP IF GREATER, NO CHANGE 0257 A9 02 LDA #$02 ELSE DEFAULT TO TWO 0259 85 FA COMP STA 00FA STORE COMPUTER'S CHOICE 025B A5 F9 LDA 00F9 LOAD TOTAL 025D 38 SEC SET CARRY 025E E5 FA SBC 00FA SUBTRACT COMPUTER'S CHOICE 0260 85 F9 STA 00F9 STORE IN TOTAL 0262 C9 01 CMP #$01 COMPARE WITH ONE 0264 F0 04 BEQ DEAD IF EQUAL, DISPLAY DEAD 0266 30 10 BMI SAFE IF MINUS, DISPLAY SAFE 0268 50 9E BCS ENTR ELSE GET ANOTHER ENTRY 025A A9 DE DEAD LDA #$DE LOAD AND DISPLAY "DEAD" 026C 85 FB STA 00FB 026E A9 AD LDA #$AD 0270 85 FA STA 00FA 0272 20 1F 1F FIN JSR SCANDS 0275 18 CLC 0276 90 FA BCC FIN UNCOND. JMP 0278 A9 5A LDA #$5A LOAD AND DISPLAY 027A 85 FB STA 00FB "SAFE" 027C A9 FE LDA #$FE 027E 85 FA STA 00FA 0280 A9 00 LDA #$00 TOTAL TO ZERO 0282 85 F9 STA 00F9 0284 F0 EC SEQ FIN UNCOND. JMP HEX DUMP - BLACK MATCH 0200 A9 00 85 FB A9 21 85 F9 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F C9 04 0210 10 F6 C9 00 F0 F2 85 FB F8 38 A5 F9 E5 FB 85 F9 0220 20 FE 1E D0 FB A9 08 85 EE A9 FF 8D 07 17 20 1F 0230 1F 2C 07 17 10 F8 A5 EE C6 EE D0 ED C6 F9 A5 F9 0240 29 10 4A 4A 4A 18 65 F9 E6 F9 29 03 D0 02 A9 01 0250 AE 44 17 E0 A0 50 02 A9 02 85 FA A5 F9 38 E5 FA 0260 85 F9 C9 01 F0 04 30 10 50 9E A9 DE 85 FB A9 AD 0270 85 FA 20 1F 1F 18 90 FA A9 5A 85 FB A9 FE 85 FA 0280 A9 00 85 F9 F0 EC
47
BY DAN LEWART
DESCRIPTION -
THIS PROGRAM WILL DEAL A FULL DECK OF 52 CARDS.
THE VALUE AND SUIT OF THE CARDS APPEARS IN THE RIGHT
TWO DIGITS OF THE DISPLAY. PRESS ANY KEY TO GET
ANOTHER CARD. EACH WILL APPEAR ONLY ONCE. WHEN ALL
CARDS HAVE BEEN DEALT, THE PROGRAM MUST BE RESTARTED
AT 0000.
0000 A2 06 INIT LDX #$06 CLEAR DISPLAY
0002 A0 00 LDY #$00 (8C-91)=0
0004 94 8B INIT 1 STY 008B,X
0006 CA DEX
0007 D0 FB BNE INIT 1
0009 D8 CLD
000A A2 34 LDX #$34 FILL DECK
000C 86 92 STX 0092 STORE CARDS LEFT (52)
000E C8 INY (93-C6)=1
000F 94 92 INIT 2 STY 0092,X
0011 CA DEX
0012 D0 FB BNE INIT 2
0014 A5 92 NEWCRD LDA 0092 DECK FINISHED?
0016 D0 03 BNE RANDOM
0018 4C 4F 1C JMP START YES, STOP
0018 AD 04 17 RANDOM LDA 1704 GET RANDOM # (1-FF)
001E D0 0B BNE FASTER
0020 AD 44 17 LDA 1744
0023 D0 06 BNE FASTER
0025 A5 92 LDA 0092 BOTH CLOCKS OUT OF RANGE
0027 4A LSR # APPROX. MIDDECK
0028 18 CLC
0029 69 01 ADC #$01
002B C5 92 FASTER CMP 0092 GET NUMBER 1-34
002D 90 07 BCC FIND
002F F0 05 BEQ FIND
0031 E5 92 SBC 0092
0033 4C 2B 90 JMP FASTER
0036 A2 33 FIND LDX #$33 FIND ThE CARD
0038 38 FIND 1 SEC KEEP SUBTRACTING CARD
0039 F5 93 SBC 0093,X CARD=0 MEANS PICKED
003B F0 93 BEQ UPDATE CARD=1 MEANS IN DECK
003D CA DEX X=CARD POSITION
003E 10 F8 BPL FIND 1
0040 95 93 UPDATE STA 0093,X CARD=0
0042 C6 92 DEC 0092 1 LESS CARD LEFT
0044 8A TXA GET FIRST 6 BITS OF X
0045 4A LSR Y=(0-C)
0046 4A LSR
0047 A8 TAY
48
0048 B9 7B 00 LDA 007B,Y GET VALUE FROM VALTBL 004B 85 90 STA 0090 STORE AS 5TH DISPLAY DIGIT 004D 8A TXA GET LAST 2 BITS OF X 004E 29 03 AND #$03 Y=(0-3) 0050 A8 TAY 0051 B9 88 00 LDA 0088,Y GET SUIT FROM SUITBL 0054 85 91 STA 0091 STORE AS 6TH DISP. DIGIT 0056 20 62 00 K DOWN JSR DISP DISPLAY (8C-91) 0059 D0 FB BNE K DOWN UNTIL KEY UP 005B 20 62 00 K UP JSR DISP DISPLAY (8C-91) 005E D0 84 BNE NEWCRD UNTIL KEY DOWN 0060 F0 F9 BEQ K UP 0062 A9 7F DISP LDA #$7F SEGMENTS TO OUTPUT 0064 8D 41 17 STA 1741 0067 A0 00 LDY #$00 INITIALIZE 0069 A2 08 LDX #$08 006B B9 8C 00 DISP 1 LDA 008C,Y GET CHARACTER 006E 84 FC STY 00FC 0070 20 4E 1F JSR 1F4E DISPLAY CHARACTER 0073 C8 INY NEXT CHARACTER 0074 C0 06 CPY #$06 0076 90 F3 BCC DISP 1 0078 4C 3D 1F JMP 1F3D DONE, KEY DOWN? XXXXXX TABLES XXXXX 0078 77 VALTBL "A" 007C 5B "2" 007D 4F "3" 007E 66 "4" 007F 6D "5" 0080 7D "6" 0081 07 "7" 0082 7F "8" 0083 6F "9" 0084 78 "T" 0085 1E "J" 0086 67 "Q" 0087 70 "K" 0088 6D SUITBL "S" 0089 76 "H" 008A 5E "D" 008B 39 "C" HEX DUMP - CARD DEALER 0000 A2 06 A0 00 94 8B CA D0 FB D8 A2 34 86 92 C8 94 0010 92 CA D0 FB A5 92 D0 03 4C 4F 1C AD 04 17 D0 0B 0020 AD 44 17 D0 06 A5 92 4A 18 69 01 C5 92 90 07 F0 0030 05 E5 92 4C 2B 00 A2 33 38 F5 93 F0 03 CA 10 F8 0040 95 93 C6 92 4A 4A 4A A8 B9 7B 00 85 90 8A 29 03 0050 A8 B9 88 00 85 91 20 62 00 D0 FB 20 62 00 D0 B4 0060 F0 F9 A9 7F 8D 41 17 A0 00 A2 08 B9 8C 00 84 FC 0070 20 4E 1F C8 C0 06 90 F3 4C 3D 1F 77 5B 4F 66 6D 0080 7D 07 7F 6F 78 1E 67 70 6D 76 5E 39
49
BY CASS LEWART
DESCRIPTION -
THE PROGRAM STARTS AT LOCATION 0200. TWO INDEPENDENT
CLOCKS ARE OPERATED BY THE TWO PLAYERS BY DEPRESSING KEYS
1 OR 2 RESPECTIVELY. THE RIGHT TWO DIGITS SHOW THE MOVE
NUMBER, THE LEFT FOUR DIGITS SHOW MINUTES AND SECONDS.
MAXIMUM TIME IS 99 MINUTES 59 SEC. THE CLOCK PROGRAM CAN
BE FINELY TUNE BY CHANGING THE VALUE OF WORD 027F, INCREASE
BY 1 SLOWS THE CLOCK BY APPROXIMATELY 6 SEC/24 HOURS AND
VICE VERSA.
0200 A9 00 LDA #$00 ZERO ALL OF PAGE ZERO
0202 AA TAX
0203 9D 00 00 ZERO STA 0000,X
0206 E8 INX
0207 D0 FA BNE ZERO
0209 20 1F 1F DISF JSR SCANDS DISPLAY ZEROS
020C 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY KEY PRESSED?
020F C9 02 CMP #$02 KEY # 2?
0211 D0 F6 BNE DISP NO, WAIT TILL 2 DOWN
0213 A9 01 LOOP LDA #$01 FLAG TO 1
0215 85 D4 STA 00D4 (CLOCK *1 TO RUN)
0217 20 60 02 JSR TIME GET CLOCK RUNNING
021A 20 31 02 JSR SAVE SAVE TIME ON DISPLAY
021D A9 02 LDA #$02 FLAG TO 2
021F 85 D4 STA 00D4 (CLOCK *2 TO RUN)
0221 20 60 02 JSR TIME GET OTHER CLOCK RUNNING
0224 18 CLC ... INCREMENT MOVE
0225 A5 F9 LDA 00F9 NUMBER...
0227 69 01 ADC #$01
0229 85 F9 STA 00F9
022B 20 31 02 JSR SAVE SAVE CLOCK 2 TINE
022E 4C 13 02 JMP LOOP BACK TO CLOCK ~ 1
XXXX SAVE TIME INDICATED SUBROUTINE XXXX
0231 A9 02 SAVE LDA #$02 CLOCK * 2?
0233 C5 D4 CMP 00D4
0235 D0 11 BNE CLK1 NO, STORE FOR CLOCK # 1
0237 A5 FB LDA 00FB . .. STORE VALUES FOR
0239 85 D2 STA 00D2 CLOCK * 2 IN 0002
023B A5 FA LDA 00FA AND 0003
023D 85 D3 STA 00D3
023F A5 D0 LDA 00D0 .. LOAD DISPLAY WITH
0241 85 FB STA 00FB VALUES FOR CLOCK # 1
0243 A5 D1 LDA 00D1
0245 85 FA STA 00FA
0247 60 RTS
0248 A5 FB CLK1 LDA 00FB ... STORE VALUES FOR
024A 85 D0 STA 00D0 CLOCK * 1 IN 00D0
024C A5 FA LDA 00FA AND 0001
024E 85 D1 STA 00D1
0250 A5 D2 LDA 00D2 ... LOAD DISPLAY WITH
0252 85 FB STA 00FB VALUES FOR CLOCK * 2
0254 A5 D3 LDA 00D3
0256 85 FA STA 00FA
0258 60 RTS
50
CLOCK ADVANCE SUBROUTINE 0260 F8 TIME SED SET DECIMAL MODE 0261 A9 04 LDA #$04 TIME MULTIPLIER TO 4 0263 85 D5 STA 00D5 0265 A9 F0 LOAD LDA #$F0 SET TIMER 0267 8D 07 17 STA 1707 026A 20 1F 1F LITE JSR SCANDS DISPLAY CLOCK 026D 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY GET KEYBOARD ENTRY 0270 C5 D4 CMP 00D4 EQUAL TO FLAG? 0272 D0 01 BNE WAIT NO1TIME OUT THEN UPDATE 0274 60 RTS YES, RETURN FROM SUBR. 0275 2C 07 17 WAIT BIT 1707 TIME DONE? 0278 D0 F0 BPL LITE NOT YET 027A C6 D5 DEC 00D5 DECREMENT TIME MULT. 027C D0 E7 BNE LOAD NOT ZERO, RESET TIMER 027E A9 BF LDA #$BF LAST LITTLE BIT OF TIME 0280 8D 06 17 STA 1706 INTO TIMER 0283 2C 07 17 TINY BIT 1707 DONE? 0286 D0 FB BPL TINY NO 0288 18 CLC . ONE SECOND ADDED 0289 A5 FA LDA 00FA TO CLOCK.. 028B 69 91 ADC #$01 028D 85 FA STA 00FA CCENTER TWO DIGITS) 02SF C9 60 CMP #$60 A MINUTE UP? 0291 D0 05 BNE NOMN NOT YET 0293 38 SEC YES, SEC. TO ZERO 0294 A9 00 LDA #$00 0296 85 FA STA 00FA 0298 A5 FB NOPAN LDA 00FB ... MINUTES INCREMENTED 029A 69 00 ADC #$00 IF CARRY SET 029C 85 FB STA 00FB 029E 4C 60 02 JMP TIME LOOP XXXXX HEX DUMP - CHESS CLOCK XXXXX 0200- A9 00 AA 9D 00 00 E8 D0 FA 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F C9 0210- 02 D0 F6 A9 01 85 D4 20 60 02 20 31 02 A9 02 85 0220- D4 20 60 02 18 A5 F9 69 01 85 F9 20 31 02 4C 13 0230- 02 A9 02 C5 D4 D0 11 A5 FB 85 D2 A5 FA 85 D3 A5 0240- D0 85 FB A5 D1 85 FA 60 A5 FB 85 D0 A5 FA 85 D1 0250- A5 D2 85 FB A5 D3 85 FA 60 0260- F8 A9 04 85 D5 A9 F0 8D 07 17 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F 0270- C5 D4 D0 01 60 2C 07 17 10 F0 C6 D5 D0 E7 A9 BF 0280- 8D 06 17 2C 07 17 10 FB 18 A5 FA 69 01 85 FA C9 0290- 60 D0 05 38 A9 00 85 FA A5 FB 69 00 85 FB 4C 60 02A0- 02
51
- Charles Parsons
This clock routine uses KIM's built in interval timer with the
interrupt option. It works by loading $F4 into the timer (/1024) each
time the Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI) occurs. This theoretically pro-
duce a time of 249,856 microseconds or just under 1\4 second. The adjust-
ment to 1\4 second is done with the timer (/1) in the interrupt routine.
A fine adjustment of the clock can be made by modifying the value in
location $0366. Only two subroutines will be documented here (ESCAPE
TO KIM & HOUR CHIME) but many more can be added by simply replacing
the NOP codes starting at $03DE with jumps to your own subroutines.
For instance, a home control system could be set up using the clock
program.
The escape to KIM allows KIM to run without stopping the clock.
This means that you can run other programs simultaneously with the
clock program unless your program also needs to use the NMI (such as
single step operation) or if there could be a timing problem (such as
with the audio tape operation). Pressing the KIM GO button will get
you out of the KIM loop.
To start the clock:
1. Connect PB7 (A-15) to NMI (E-6).
2. Initialize NMI pointer (17FA, 17FB) with 60 and 03.
3. Set up the time and AM-PM counter locations in page
zero.
4. Go to address $03C0 and press GO.
To get back into the clock display mode if the clock is run-
ning - start at location $03C9.
NOTE: These routines are not listed in any particular order
so be watchful of the addresses when you load them.
PAGE ZERO LOCATIONS
0070 NOTE Sets frequency of note
0080 QSEC 1\4 second counter
0081 SEC second counter
0082 MIN minute counter
0083 HR hour counter
0084 DAY day counter for AM-PM
52
INTERRUPT ROUTINE This routine uses the NMI to update a clock in zero page locations. Since the crystal may be slightly off one MHz a fine adjustment is located at 0366. NMI pointers must be set to the start of this program. 0360 48 PHA save A 0361 8A TXA 0362 48 PHA save X 0363 98 TYA 0364 48 PHA save Y 0365 A983 LDA #$83 fine adjust timing 0367 8D0417 STA TIME4 036A 2C0717 TM BIT TIME7 test timer 036D 10FB BPL TM loop until time out 036F E680 INC QSEC count 1\4 seconds 0371 A904 LDA #$04 do four times before 0373 C580 CMP QSEC updating seconds 0375 D038 BNE RTN 0377 A900 LDA #$00 reset 1\4 second counter 0379 8580 STA QSEC 037B 18 CLC 037C F8 SED advance clock in decimal 037D A581 LDA SEC 037F 6901 ADC #$01 advance seconds 0381 8581 STA SEC 0383 C960 CMP #$60 until 60 seconds 0385 D028 BNE RTN 0387 A900 LDA #$00 then start again 0389 8581 STA SEC 038B A582 LDA MIN 038D 18 CLC 038E 6901 ADC #$01 and advance minutes 0390 8582 STA MIN 0392 C960 CMP #$60 until 60 minutes 0394 D019 BNE RTN 0396 A900 LDA #$00 then start again 0398 8582 STA MIN 039A A583 LDA HR and advance hours 039C 18 CLC 039D 6901 ADC #$01 039F 8583 STA HR 03A1 C912 CMP #$12 until 12 hours 03A3 D002 BNE TH 03A5 E684 INC DAY advance 1\2 day 03A7 C913 TH CMP #$13 if 13 hours 03A9 D004 BNE RTN start again with one 03AB A901 LDA #$01 03AD 8583 STA HR 03AF D8 RTN CLD go back to hex mode 03B0 A9F4 LDA #$F4 start timer with interrupt 03B2 8D0F17 STA TIMEF in 249,856 microseconds
53
03B5 68 PLA 03B6 A8 TAY restore Y 03E7 68 PLA 03B8 AA TAX restore X 03B9 68 PLA restore A 035A 40 RTI return from interrupt ESCAPE TO KIM IF 1 ON KIM IS PRESSED This is a subroutine which will return to the KIM monitor routine without stopping the real time clock. It is done by pressing 1 on the KIM keyboard. 0300 206A1F KIM JSR GETKEY go back to KIM if 0303 0901 CMP #$01 KIM keyboard is one 0305 D00D BNE ENDR 030? 201F1F JSR SCANDS delay to make sure 030A 206A1F JSR GETKEY 030D 0901 CMP #$01 030? D003 BNE ENDR 0311 4C051C JMP SAVE1 0314 60 ENDR RTN TWO TONE SOUND TO INDICATE HOURS This is a subroutine which when added to the clock display routine will use the real time clock data to produce one sound per hour on the hour, The output is a speaker circuit as shown on Pg. 57 of the KIM-1 Manual. It is hooked to PB0 rather than PA0. The specific notes can be changed by altering 0330 and 033C. 0320 A582 BEEP LDA MIN on the hour? 0322 D029 BNE END if not return 0324 A581 LDA SEC execute until SEC = HR 0326 38 SEC 0327 E583 SBC HR 0329 1024 BPL END 032B A580 AGAIN LDA QSEC first 1\4 second? 032D D006 BNE ONE 032F A91E LDA #$1E set high note 0331 8570 STA NOTE 0333 D00A BNE GO sound note for 1\4 second 0335 A901 ONE LDA #$01 second 1\4 second? 0337 C580 CMP QSEC 0339 D014 BNE END 033B A928 LDA #$28 set low note 033D 8570 STA NOTE 033F A901 GO LDA #$0l set I/O ports 0341 8D0317 STA PBDD 0344 EE0217 INC PBD toggle speaker 0247 A570 LDA NOTE 0349 AA TAX set delay 034A CA DEX 034B 10FD BPL 034D 30DC BMI AGAIN keep sounding 034F 60 END RTN
54
DISPLAY CLOCK ON KIM-1 READOUT 03C0 A900 LDA #$00 reset 1\4 second counter 03C2 8580 STA QSEC 03C4 A9F4 LDA #$F4 start timer with interrupt 03C6 8D0F17 STA TIMEF 03C9 A581 DSP LDA SEC start here if clock is running 03CB 85F9 STA INH display clock on KIM 03CD A582 LDA MIN 03CF 85FA STA POINTL 03D1 A583 LDA HR 03D3 85FB STA POINTH 03D5 201F1F JSR SCANDS 03D8 200003 JSR KIM escape to KIM 03DB 202003 JSR BEEP sound on the hour 03DE EAEAEA 03E1 EAEAEA 03E4 EAEAEA 03E7 EAEAEA 03EA EAEAEA 03ED EAEAEA 03F0 EAEAEA 03F3 EAEAEA 03F6 EAEAEA 03F9 EAEAEA 03FC 4CC903 JMP DSP ***** Hex Dump - Clock ***** 0300- 20 6A 1F C9 01 D0 0D 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F C9 01 D0 0310- 03 4C 05 1C 60 0320- A5 82 D0 29 A5 81 38 E5 83 10 24 A5 80 D0 06 A9 0330- 1E 85 70 D0 0A A9 01 C5 80 D0 14 A9 28 85 70 A9 0340- 01 8D 03 17 EE 02 17 A5 70 AA CA 10 FD 30 DC 60 0360- 48 8A 48 98 48 A9 83 8D 04 17 20 C0 17 10 FB E6 0370- 80 A9 04 C5 80 D0 38 A9 00 85 80 18 F8 A5 81 69 0380- 01 85 81 C9 60 D0 28 A9 00 85 81 A5 82 18 69 01 0390- 85 82 C9 60 D0 19 A9 00 85 82 A5 83 18 69 01 85 03A0- 83 C9 12 D0 02 E6 84 C9 13 D0 04 A9 01 85 83 D8 03B0- A9 F4 8D 0F 17 68 A8 68 AA 68 40 03C0- A9 00 85 80 A9 F4 8D 0F 17 A5 81 85 F9 A5 82 85 03D0- FA A5 83 85 FB 20 1F 1F 20 00 03 20 20 03 EA EA 03E0- EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA 03F0- EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA EA 40 C9 03
55
BY STAN OCKERS
DESCRIPTION -
THIS PROGRAM REQUIRES THAT A SPEAKER BE HOOKED
TO PA0 AS IN FIGURE 5.1 OF THE KIM MANUAL. WHEN STARTED
AT 0200, THE PROGRAM WILL SEND 5 LETTER CODE GROUPS,
(INTERNATIONAL MORSE), OVER THE SPEAKER. THE CODE GROUPS
WILL CONSIST OF RANDOM CHARACTERS INCLUDING A-Z, 0-9, A
PERIOD, COMMA, QUESTION MARK AND EQUAL SIGN. AFTER THIS
TRANSMISSION, YOUR RECEPTION CAN BE CHECKED BECAUSE THE
GROUPS SENT WILL BE SHOWN ON THE DISPLAY. PRESSING ANY
KEY WILL CAUSE THE NEXT GROUP TO BE DISPLAYED. LIMITATIONS
IMPOSED BY THE 7 SEGMENT DISPLAYS MAKE SOME CHARACTERS
PRETTY STRANGE AND THERE IS SOME REDUNDANCY; BUT BY SLOWING
THE TRANSMISSION YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO FIGURE OUT WHAT
EACH CHARACTER IS.
0200 A2 0C LDX #$0C ... INITIALIZATION
0202 BD DF 02 INIT LDA 02DF,X .. 12 VALUES ARE LOADED
0205 95 E2 STA 00E2,X FROM 00E2 ON UP ..
0207 CA DEX
0208 10 F8 BPL INIT
020A A2 04 GRUP LDX #$04 (SPACE LENGTH)
020C 20 A0 02 JSR SPACE SPACE FOR ANOTHER GROUP
020F A9 06 LDA #$06 GROUP SIZE, 5 CHAR.
0211 85 E0 STA 00E0
0213 C6 E0 CHAR DEC 00E0 NEXT CHAR. IN GROUP
0215 F0 F3 BEQ GRUP FINISHED, GET NEW GROUP
0217 A2 03 LDX #$03 (SPACE LENGTH)
0219 20 A0 02 JSR SPACE SPACE BETWEEN CHAR.
021C 20 CB 02 NUMB JSR RAND GET A RANDOM it
021F 29 3F AND #$3F MAKE SURE POSITIVE
0221 C9 28 CMP #$28 LESS THAN 41 (DECIMAL)?
0223 10 F7 BPL NUMB NO, GET ANOTHER
0225 AA TAX USE AS INDEX
0226 BD 13 03 LDA 0313,X GET DISPLAY CONVERSION
0229 A4 E2 LDY 00E2 CHAR. INDEX IN Y
022B 99 3B 03 STA 033B,Y STORE CONVERSION
022E E6 E2 INC 00E2 INDEX UP ONE
0230 A5 E2 LDA 00E2 LAST CHARACTER?
0232 C9 1A CMP #$1A
0234 F0 20 BEQ DEBO YES, GO READOUT
0236 BD EB 02 LDA 02EB,X GET CODE CHARACTER
0239 85 DF STA 00DF TEMPORARY STORE
023B 06 DF BITS ASL 00DF SHIFT
023D F0 D4 BEQ CHAR EMPTY, GET NEXT CHAR.
023F B0 0D BCS DASH IF CARRY SET, SEND DASH
0241 A2 01 LDX #$01 . ELSE SEND DOT
0243 20 82 02 JSR MARK
0246 A2 01 SPAC LDX #$01 THEN SPACE
56
0248 20 A0 02 JSR SPACE 0248 18 CLC 024C 90 ED BCC BITS UNCOND. JUMP 024E A2 03 DASH LDX #S03 (DASH LENGTH) 0250 20 82 02 JSR MARK SEND A DASH 0253 18 CLC 0254 90 F0 BCC SPAC UNCOND. JUMP 0256 20 8E 1E DEBO JSR INIT1 DEBOUNCE KEY.. 0259 20 B1 02 JSR DISP 025C D0 F8 BNE DEBO WAIT FOR KEY RELEASE 025E 20 B1 02 WAIT JSR DISP 0261 F0 FB BEQ WAIT WAIT FOR KEY DOWN 0263 18 CLC 0264 A5 E4 LDA 00E4 UPDATE POINTER TO 0266 69 05 ADC #$05 POINT AT NEXT GROUP.. 0268 85 E4 STA 00E4 026A A0 04 LDY #$04 ..LOAD WINDOWS 00E8- 026C B1 E4 WIND LDA (00E4),Y 00EC WITH CONVERSIONS 026E 99 E8 00 STA 00E8,Y FOR DISPLAY.. 0271 88 DEY 0272 10 F8 BPL WIND 0274 C6 E3 DEC 00E3 LAST GROUP? 0276 D0 DE BNE DEBO NO, GET ANOThER 0278 A9 36 LDA #$36 REINITILIZE POINTER 027A 85 E4 STA 00E4 TO RUN THRU GROUPS AGAIN 027C A9 05 LDA #$05 027E 85 E3 STA 00E3 0280 D0 D4 BNE DEBO UNCOND. JUMP ***** MARK SUBROUTINE **** 0282 86 DD STX 00DD TEMP. STORE 0284 A5 E6 TIMM LDA 00E6 SPEED BYTE 0286 8D 07 17 STA 1707 START TIMER 0289 A9 01 LDA #$01 PA0 TO OUTPUT 028B 8D 01 17 STA 1701 028E EE 00 17 TOGG INC 1700 TOGGLE PA0 0291 A6 57 LDX 0057 DETERMINE FREQ. 0293 CA FREQ DEX 0294 D0 FD BNE FREQ 0296 2C 07 17 BIT 1707 TIME UP? 0299 10 F3 BPL TOGG NO 029B C6 DD DEC 00DD DETERMINE MARK LENGTH 029D D0 E5 BNE TIMM 029F 60 RTS ***** SPACE SUBROUTINE ***** 02A0 86 DD DISP STX 00DD TEMP. STORE 02A2 A5 E6 TIMS LDA 00E6 SPEED BYTE 02A4 8D 07 17 STA 1707 START TIMER 02A7 2C 07 17 HOLD BIT 1707 DONE? 02AA 10 FB BPL HOLD NO 02AC C6 DD DEC 00DD FULL TIME UP? 02AE D0 F2 BNE TIMS NO 02B0 60 RTS
57
***** DISPLAY SUBROUTINE ******* 02B1 A9 7F DISP LDA #$7F CHANGE SEGMENTS.. 02B3 80 41 17 STA PADD TO OUTPUTS 02B6 A0 00 LDY #$0 INIT. RECALL INDEX 02B8 A2 09 LDX #$9 INIT. DIGIT NUMBER 02BA B9 E8 00 SIX LDA 00E8,Y GET CHARACTER 02B0 84 FC STY 00FC SAVE Y 02BF 20 4E 1F JSR 1F4E DISPLAY CHARACTER 02C2 C8 INY SET UP FOR NEXT OAR. 02C3 C0 06 CMP #$06 6 CHAR. DISPLAYED? 02C5 90 F3 BCC SIX NO 02C7 20 3D 1F JSR 1F3D KEY DOWN? 02CA 60 RTS EXIT ***** RANDOM NUMBER SUBROUTINE ****** 02CB 18 RAND CLC FROM J. BUTTERFIELD 02CC D8 CLD KIM USER NOTES 02CD A5 E1 LDA 00E1 VOL. 1, *1 02CF 65 E4 ADC 00E4 02D1 65 E5 ADC 00E5 02D3 85 E0 STA 00E0 02D5 A2 04 LDX #$04 02D7 B5 E0 ROLL LDA 00E0,X 02D9 95 E1 STA 00E1,X 02DB CA DEX 02DC 10 F9 BPL ROLL 02DE 60 RTS ***** INITIALIZATION VALUES ******* 02DF 00/05/3B/03/33/66/C0/C0/C0/C0/C0/00 ***** TABLE OF CODE CHARACTERS ******* 02EB 60/88/A8/90/40 02F0 28/D0/08/20/78/B0/48/E0/A0/F0/68/D8/50/10/C0/30 0300 18/70/98/B8/C8/FC/7C/3C/1C/0C/04/84/C4/E4/F4/56 0310 CE/32/8C ***** TABLE OF DISPLAY CONVERSIONS ****** 0313 F7/FC/B9/DE/F9/F1/BD/F6/84/9E/F0/B8/B7 0320 D4/DC/F3/E7/D0/ED/F8/BE/EA/9C/94/EE/C9/BF/86/DB 0330 CF/E6/ED/FD/87/FF/EF/90/84/D3/C8 *** STORAGE OF CHARACTERS SENT: 033B - 03FF CHANGES- THE PROGRAM IS INITIALLY SET UP TO SEND AND DISPLAY 5 GROUPS OF 5 CHARACTERS EACH. THEY ARE SENT AT A RATE OF ABOUT 16 GROUPS PER MINUTE. ALL OF THIS CAN OF COURSE BE CHANGED. - THE NUMBER OF CHARACTERS TO BE SENT (IN HEX) PLUS ONE SHOULD BE STORED IN 0233, (INITIALLY 1A). - THE NUMBER OF GROUPS TO BE DISPLAYED AFTER TRANSMISSION SHOULD BE STORED IN 02E0 (INITIALLY 05). - THE SPEED OF TRANSMISSION IS DETERMINED BY THE CONTENTS OF 02E3. A HEX 33 GIVES ABOUT 16 GROUPS/MINUTE, A 66 GIVES 8 WPM. - THE TONE CAN BE VARIED BY THE CONTENTS OF 00E4. - A MAXIMUM OF ONE PAGE OF CHARACTERS CAN BE SENT STORED IN A BLOCK POINTED TO BY 02E1 AND 02E2. - FOR A DESCRIPTION OF HOW THE CHARACTERS ARE STORED, SEE OCT. '76 BYTE, PAGE 36. - A PORTION OF THE CHARACTER SET, (SAY ONLY LETTERS), CAN BE SELECTED BY ADJUSTING THE BYTE AT 0222.
58
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
DESCRIPTION -
SET ADDRESS 0200, THEN HOLD "GO" DOWN .. YOU'LL SEE:
- 2 DICE "ROLLING" ON THE LEFT
- $10 BALANCE ON THE RIGHT
LET "GO" ... THE DICE WILL STOP ROLLING, AND YOU'LL GET:
- A WIN ON A TOTAL OF 7 OR 11; YOU'LL SEE YOUR DOLLAR
BALANCE RISE; OR
- A LOSS ON TOTALS OF 2,3, OR 12; YOUR DOLLAR BALANCE
WILL DROP; OR
- A "POINT" - THE CENTER SEGMENTS WILL LIGHT WITH THE
ROLL AND YOU MUST TRY TO ROLL THIS TOTAL AGAIN
BEFORE YOU ROLL 7 -
PUSH THE "GO" BUTTON ONLY ON THE FIRST ROLL. FOR SUBSEQUENT
ROLLS, PUSH ANOTHER BUTTON.
0200 D8 START CLD
0201 20 40 1F JSR KEYIN
0204 20 CA 1F JSR GETKEY
0207 C5 40 CMP LAST
0209 F0 79 BEQ LIGHT same key as before?
020B 85 40 STA LAST
020D 49 15 EOR #$15 no-key test
020F 85 41 STA FLAG into flag
0211 C9 06 CMP #6 GO key?
0213 D0 05 BNE NOGO nope..
0215 A9 10 LDA #$10 yes, $10
0217 20 A9 02 JSR DOBUX put in window
021A AD 04 17 NOGO LDA TIMER random value
021D A2 C0 LDX #$C0 divide by 6
021F 86 4E STX DIVR
0221 A2 05 LDX #5
0223 C5 4E RNDLP CMP DIVR divide..
0225 90 02 BCC RNDOV ..a..
0227 E5 4E SBC DIVR ..digit
0229 46 4E RNDOV LSR DIVR
022B CA DEX
0220 10 F5 BPL RNDLP
022E AA TAX die 0-5
022F E8 INX die 1-6
0230 BD E7 1F LDA TABLE,X segment
0233 A4 41 LDY FLAG which die?
0235 F0 06 BEQ PLAY second?
0237 86 42 STX DIE first, save it..
0239 85 43 STA WINDX ..& segment
023B D0 47 BNE LIGHT unconditional
023D 85 47 PLAY STA WINDOW+1 show die..
023F A5 43 LDA WINDX ..and other
0241 85 46 STA WINDOW one
0243 A5 44 LDA BUX out of dough?
59
0245 F0 3D BEQ LIGHT ..no bread 0247 8A 18 TXA CLC 0249 65 42 ADC DIE add other die 024B C5 45 CMP POINT get the point? 024D F0 28 BEQ WIN ..yup 024F A6 45 LDX POINT point-zero... 0251 F0 12 BEQ FIRST ..first roll 0253 C9 07 CMP #7 seven you lose 0255 D0 2D BNE LIGHT ..nope 0257 A5 44 LOSE LDA BUX 0259 F0 05 BEQ LOSX nough dough? 025B 18 F8 CLD SED decimal add.. 025D E9 00 SBC #0 neg one 025F D8 CLD 0260 20 A9 02 JSR DOBUX put in window 0263 D0 1F BNE LIGHT unconditional 0265 A6 46 FIRST LDX WINDOW copy point 0267 86 48 STX WINDOW+2 0269 A6 47 LDX WINDOW+1 026B 86 49 STX WINDOW+3 026D 85 45 STA POINT 026F AA TAX point value 0270 BD C6 02 LDA TAB-2,X 'win' table 0273 F0 0F BEQ LIGHT ..says point 0275 30 E0 BMI LOSE ..says craps 0277 A5 44 WIN LDA BUX ..says win 0279 C9 99 CMP #$99 maximum bucks? 027B F0 04 REQ WINX yes, skip add 027D F8 SED decimally add.. 027E 69 01 ADC #1 ..one 0280 D8 CLD 0281 20 A9 02 WIUX JSR DOBUX make segments 0284 A5 41 LIGHT LDA FLAG still rolling? 0286 F0 04 BEQ NOINC ..nope; 0288 E6 46 INC WINDOW ..yup, so.. 028A E6 47 INC WINDOW+1 ..roll em! 028C A9 7F NOINC LDA #$7F 028E 8D 41 17 STA PADD 0291 A0 13 LDY #$13 0293 A2 05 LDX #5 0295 B5 46 LITE LDA WINDOW,X 0297 8D 40 17 STA SAD 029A 8C 42 17 STY SBD 029D E6 4F PAWS INC PAUSE 029F D0 FC BNE PAWS 02A1 88 88 DEY DEY 02A3 CA DEX 02A4 10 EF BPL LITE 02A6 4C 00 02 JMP START 02A9 85 44 DORUX STA BUX 02AB A0 00 LDY #0 02AD 84 45 STY POINT clear point 02AF 84 48 STY WINDOW+2 .......
60
02B1 84 49 STY WINDOW+3 display 02B3 A8 4A TAY LSRA 02B5 4A 4A 4A LSRA LSRA LSRA 02B8 AA TAX 02B9 BD E7 1F LDA TABLE,X 02BC 85 4A STA WINDOW+4 02BE 98 TYA 02BF 29 0F AND #$0F 02C1 AA TAX 02C2 BD 0F 1F LDA TABLE,X 02C5 85 4B STA WIND0W+5 02C7 60 RTS 0208 FF FF 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 01 FF (TAB) HEX DUMP - CRAPS 0200- D8 20 40 1F 20 6A 1F C5 40 F0 79 85 40 49 15 85 0210- 41 C9 06 D0 05 A9 10 20 A9 02 AD 04 17 A2 C0 86 0220- 4E A2 05 C5 4E 90 02 E5 4E 46 4E CA 10 F5 AA E8 0230- BD E7 1F A4 41 F0 06 86 42 85 43 D0 47 85 47 A5 0240- 43 85 46 A5 44 F0 3D 8A 18 65 42 C5 45 F0 28 A6 0250- 45 F0 12 C9 07 D0 2D A5 44 F0 05 18 F8 E9 00 D8 0260- 20 A9 02 D0 1F A6 46 86 48 A6 47 86 49 85 45 AA 0270- BD C6 02 F0 0F 30 E0 A5 44 C9 99 F0 04 F8 69 01 0280- D8 20 A9 02 A5 41 F0 04 E6 46 E6 47 A9 7F 8D 41 0290- 17 A0 13 A2 05 B5 46 8D 40 17 8C 42 17 E6 4F D0 02A0- FC 88 88 CA 10 EF 4C 00 02 85 44 A0 00 84 45 84 02B0- 48 84 49 A8 4A 4A 4A 4A AA BD E7 1F 85 4A 98 29 02C0- 0F AA BD E7 1F 85 4B 60 FF FF 00 00 00 01 00 00 02D0- 00 00 FF Coding notes: CRAPS is a highly top-down program. The program always flows from START to LIGHT and back again with few breaks in sequence. The dice are randomized from TIMER (1704) and RNDLP contains a small division routine, dividing by 6; the remainder, randomly 0 to 5, gives the roll of one die. On the first roll of a run, we use the table at 02C8 to analyze the total: in this table, FF means you lose and 01 means you win. FLAG is zero if you're not pushing any button. Segments for the display are stored in table WINDOW, 0046 to 004B.
61
BY STAN OCKERS
DESCRIPTION -
THIS IS A GAME FOR TWO PLAYERS. WHEN THE PROGRAM IS
STARTED AT 0200, EACH PLAYER IS GIVEN TEN POINTS AS INDICATED
ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE DISPLAY. THE CENTER DIGITS WILL
BE BLANK. AFTER A RANDOM DELAY, THE CENTER DIGITS WILL LIGHT.
THE FIRST PLAYER TO PRESS HIS KEY WILL INCREASE HIS SCORE
BY ONE AND DECREASE HIS OPPONENT'S BY ONE. THE CENTER DIGITS
WILL THEN BLANK FOR ANOTHER RANDOM DELAY. IF A FLAYER
PRESSES HIS KEY WHILE THE CENTER DIGITS ARE BLANK, HIS SCORE
WILL BE DECREASED BY ONE. WHEN ONE PLAYER REACHES ZERO THE
GAME IS OVER AND MUST BE RESTARTED AT 0200. THE PLAYER TO
THE LEFT USES KEY ZERO AND THE ONE ON THE RIGHT USES KEY
SEVEN.
0200 A9 10 LDA #$10 INITIALIZE DIGITS
0202 85 F9 STA 00F9
0204 85 FB STA 00FB
0206 AD 44 17 RAND LDA 1744 GET "RANDOM" #
0209 29 1F AND #$1F NOT TOO BIG
020B 09 01 ORA #$01 NOT TOO SMALL
020D 85 EE STA 00EE PUT IN DECREMENT LOC.
020F A9 00 LDA #$00 BLANK CENTER DIGITS
0211 85 FA STA 00FA
0213 20 71 02 DISP JSR LITE DISPLAY DIGITS
0216 AD 07 17 LDA 1707 TIME UP?
0219 F0 0D BEQ MORE NO
021B A9 FF LDA #$FF
021D 8D 07 17 STA 1707 START TIMER
0220 C6 EE DEC 00EE FULL TIME UP?
0222 10 04 BPL MORE NO, SKIP
0224 A9 36 LDA #$36 YES, CHANGE
0226 85 FA STA 00FA CENTER DIGITS
0228 D8 MORE CLD CLEAR FOR KEYBOARD
0229 20 40 1F JSR KEYIN INIT. KEYBOARD
022C 20 6A 1F JSR GET KEY KEY DEPRESSED?
022F CS 15 CMP #$15 VALID KEY?
0231 10 E0 BPL DISP NO
0233 C9 07 CMP #$07 RIGHT KEY?
0235 F0 0E BEQ RITE YES
0237 C9 00 CMP #$00 LEFT KEY?
0239 F0 02 BEQ LEFT YES
023B D0 D6 BNE DISP NOT A 0 OR A 7
023D A2 02 LEFT LDX #$02 INDEX FOR LEFT
023F A5 EE LDA 00EE TIME UP?
0241 10 14 BPL LOS1 NO DECREASE LEFT ONE
0243 30 06 BMI ADD1 YES, INCREASE LEFT
0245 A2 00 RITE LDX #$00 INDEX FOR RIGHT
0247 A5 EE LDA 00EE CHECK TIME
0249 10 0C BPL LOS1 NOPE, NOT YET
62
024B F8 ADD1 SED 024C 18 CLC INCREASE SCORE 024D 85 F9 LDA 00F9,X BY ONE 024F 69 01 ADC #$01 0251 95 F9 STA 00F9,X 0253 8A TXA INDEX TO OTHER 0254 49 02 EOR #$02 SIDE 0256 AA TAX 0257 F8 LOS1 SED DECREASE SCORE 0258 38 SEC BY ONE 0259 B5 F9 LDA 00F9,X 025B E9 01 SBC #$01 025D 95 F9 STA 00F9,X 025F F0 0A BEQ FIN GO TO FIN IF ZERO 0261 20 71 02 WAIT JSR LITE WAIT FOR SWITCH 0264 20 40 1F JSR KEYIN TO BE RELEASED 0267 D0 F8 BNE WAIT 0269 F0 9B BEQ RAND THEN START NEW DELAY 0268 20 71 02 FIN JSR LITE FINISHED LOOP 026E B8 CLV 026F 50 FA BVC FIN UNCOND. JUMP XXXXX DISPLAY SUBROUTINE XXXXX 0271 A9 7F LITE LDA #$7F 0273 8D 41 17 STA SADD 0276 A2 09 LDX #$09 INIT. DIGIT ~ 0278 A5 FB LDA 00FB 027A 20 8B 02 JSR 2HEX 027D A5 FA LDA 00FA GET CENTER DIGITS 027F 20 4E 1F JSR CONVX CONVERT NONHEX CHAR. 0282 20 4E 1F JSR CONVX TWO OF THEM 0285 A5 F9 LDA 00F9 0287 20 8B 02 JSR 2HEX 028A 60 RTS XXXXX HEX CHARACTER CONVERSION SUBROUTINE XXXXX 028B A8 2HEX TAY 028C 4A LSR A SUBROUTINE TO CONVERT 028D 4A LSR A ONE WORD TO 2 HEX 028E 4A LSR A CHARACTERS 028F 4A LSR A 0290 F0 0A BEQ ZBLK 0292 20 48 1F JSR CONVD 0295 98 2NDC TYA SECOND CHARACTER 0296 29 0F AND #$0F 0298 20 48 1F JSR CONVD 029B 60 RTS 029C A9 80 ZELK LDA #$80 BLANK LEADING ZEROS 029E 84 FC STY 00FC 02A0 20 4E 1F JSR CONVX CONVERT NONHEX CHAR. 02A3 B8 CLV 02A4 50 EF BVC 2NDC UNCOND. JUMP
63
You are farmer Brown. You are growing a beautiful crop of corn
But the following animals try to come and steal your corn:
As soon as you see one of these animals coming for your corn,
you can scare it away by calling its name. Press the button
with the first letter of the animal's name. So you would
press A to shoo away an ant, B to shoo away a bird, and so on.
If you press the right button, the animal will go back. if you
press the wrong button, it will think you mean somebody else
and keep coming for your corn. And when all your corn is gone,
KIM will show 000 and the game is over.
The animal won't "shoo" unless it has completely entered the
display. Speed of the animals can be adjusted by changing the
contents of location 02EA.
0200 A2 0D START LDX #$13
0202 86 6E STX CORN bushels of corn to start
0204 A9 00 LDA #0 clear the window
0206 95 60 SLOOP STA WINDOW,X
0208 CA DEX
0209 10 FE BPL SLOOP
020B A2 0B TEST LDX #11 is window enipty?
020D B5 60 TLOOP LDA WINDOW,X
020F D0 3B BNE CONTIN no. keep going
0211 CA DEX
0212 10 F9 BPL TLOOP
0214 E6 6D INC GOT yes. make new animal
0216 A5 6C LDA FLAG
0218 F0 09 BEQ MORE did last animal get in?
021A C6 6D DEC GOT
021C C6 6E DEC CORN take away some corn
021E D0 03 BNE MORE any left?
0220 4C 25 19 JMP DONE no, end of game
0223 AD 04 17 MORE LDA TIMER random value..
0226 4A 4A 4A LSRA LSRA LSRA ..to generate..
0229 4A 4A LSRA LSRA ..new random animal
022B C9 06 CMP #6 6 types of animal
022D 90 02 BCC MAKE
022F 29 93 AND #$03
0231 18 MAKE CLC
0232 AA TAX animal type to X
0233 69 0A ADC #$0A key type A to F
64
0235 85 6F STA KEY 0237 B0 A4 02 LDA INDEX,X animal 'picture' address 023A 85 70 STA POINL to indirect pointer 023C A9 02 IDA #2 023E 85 71 STA POINH 0240 A0 05 LDY #5 six locations to move 0242 B1 70 ALOOP LDA (POINL),Y from 'picture' 0244 99 66 00 STA WINGS,Y ..to 'wings' 0247 88 DEY 0248 10 F8 BPL ALOOP 024A 84 6C STY FLAG flag FF - animal coming 024C A2 05 CONTIN LDX #5 test: 024E B5 66 CLOOP LDA WTNGS,X is animal out of 'wings'? 0250 D0 13 BNE NOKEY no, ignore keyboard 0252 CA DEX 0253 10 F9 BPL CLOOP 0255 20 40 1F JSR KEYIN 0258 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY 025B C5 6F CMP KEY right animal named? 025D D0 06 BNE NOKEY no, ignore key 025F A5 6C LDA FLAG 0261 10 02 BPL NOKEY animal retreating? 0263 E6 60 INC FLAG make animal retreat 0265 C6 72 NOKEY DEC DELAY wait a while.. 0267 D0 1E BNE NOMOVE before moving animal 0269 A9 20 LDA #S20 speed control value 026B 85 72 STA DELAY 026D A5 6C LDA FLAG move animal - which way? 026F 30 0D BMI COMING ..left 0271 A2 0A LDX #10 ..right 0273 B5 5A RLOOP LDA WINDOW-6,X 0275 95 5B STA WINDOW-5,X 0277 CA DEX 0278 D0 F9 BNE RLOOP 027A 86 5A STX WINDOW-6 clear extreme left 027C F0 09 BEQ NOMOVE unconditional branch 027E A2 F0 COMING LDX #$F0 -16 0280 B5 6C OMLOOP LDA WINDOW+12,X 0282 95 6B STA WINDOW+11,X 0284 E8 INX 0285 30 F9 BMI CMLOOP 0287 A9 7F NOMOVE LDA #$7F light KIM display 0289 8D 41 17 STA PADD 028C A0 13 LDY #$13 028E A2 05 LDX #5 six display digits 0290 B5 60 LITE LDA WINDOW,X 0292 8D 40 17 STA SAD 0295 8C 42 17 STY SBD 0298 E6 73 LITEX INC WAIT 029A D0 FC BNE LITEX 029C 88 88 CA DEY DEY DEX 029F 10 EF BPL LITE 02A1 4C 0B 02 JMP TEST index and animal 'pictures' in hexadecimal form 02A4 AA B0 B6 BC C2 C8 08 00 00 00 00 00 01 61 61 40 00 00 02B6 61 51 47 01 00 00 63 58 4E 00 00 00 71 1D 41 1F 01 00 02C8 63 58 4C 40 00 00
65
FARMER BROWN.... Exercises: 1. You can see that each animal occupies 6 memory locations, starting at 02AA (the Ant) - and the last location must always be zero. Can you make up your own animals? The letters may not fit exactly, but you can always invent names or use odd ones (you could make an Aardvark, a Burfle, a Cobra, and so on). 2. The game might be more fun if the animals went faster after a while, so that sooner or later they would just zip by. The location that controls speed is at address 026A; the lower the number, the faster the animals will go. So if you could arrange to have the program decrease this number automatically once in a while, you1d get a nice speed-up feature. 3. You can't "shoo" the animal until it's completely entered the display; but you can still catch it after it's partly left. The game would be harder - and maybe more fun - if you could only shoo it while it was completely in the display. Hint - testing location 005F (window-1) would tell you if an animal was on its way out. 4. You'd have a "Target Practice" game if you made the animal disappear (instead of backing up) when you pressed the right button. With a little planning, you'll find that this is quite easy to do. ***** HEX DUMP - FARMER BROWN ***** 0200- A2 0D 86 6E A9 00 95 60 CA 10 FB A2 0B B5 60 D0 0210- 3B CA 10 F9 E6 6D A5 6C F0 09 C6 6D C6 6E D0 03 0220 4C 25 19 AD 04 17 4A 4A 4A 4A 4A C9 06 90 02 29 0230- 03 18 AA 69 0A 85 6F BD A4 02 85 70 A9 02 85 71 0240- A0 05 B1 70 99 66 00 88 10 F8 84 6C A2 05 B5 66 0250- D0 13 CA 10 F9 20 40 1F 20 6A 1F C5 6F D0 06 A5 0260- 6C 10 02 E6 6C C6 72 D0 1E A9 20 85 72 A5 6C 30 0270- 0D A5 0A B5 5A 95 5B CA D0 F9 86 5A F0 09 A2 F0 0280- B5 6C 95 6B E8 30 F9 A9 7F 8D 41 17 A0 13 A2 05 0290- B5 60 8D 40 17 8C 42 17 E6 73 D0 FC 88 88 CA 10 02A0- EF 4C 0B 02 AA B0 B6 BC C2 C8 08 00 00 00 00 00 02B0- 01 61 61 40 00 00 61 51 47 01 00 00 63 58 4E 00 02C0- 00 00 71 1D 41 1F 01 00 63 58 4C 40 00 00
66
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
DESCRIPTION -
AN EASY GAME FOR ONE OR MORE PLAYERS. KIM CHOOSES A
SECRET NUMBER FROM 0l TO 98. AT THE START, THE FIRST FOUR
DIGITS SHOW THE HIGH AND LOW BOUNDS OF THE NUMBER - 99 HIGH
AND 00 LOW. AS GUESSES ARE ENTERED - ENTER THE GUESS AND
PRESS A FOR ATTEMPT - THE BOUNDS CHANGE AS YOU ARE NARROWING
DOWN THE POSSIBILITIES. FOR EXAMPLE, GUESS 32 AND THE DISPLAY
MIGHT CHANGE TO 32 00, MEANING THAT THE COMPUTER'S SECRET
NUMBER IS BETWEEN THESE VALUES. AFTER EACH LEGAL GUESS,
THE COMPUTER SHOWS THE NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS MADE SO FAR.
ONE PLAYER GAME: TRY TO GET THE MYSTERY NUMBER IN SIX ATTEMPTS.
MULTI PLAYER GAME: EACH PLAYER TRIES TO AVOID GUESSING THE
MYSTERY NUMBER - THE CORRECT GUESSER LOSES AND IS "OUT".
0200 F8 START SED
0201 A5 E0 TOP LDA RND generate random #
0203 38 SEC 01 to 98
0204 69 00 ADC #0
0206 A2 01 LDX #1 overflow at 99
0208 C9 99 CMP #$99
020A D0 01 BNE OVR0
020C 8A TXA
020D 85 E0 OVR0 STA RND
020F 20 40 1F JSR KEYIN
0212 D0 ED BNE TOP
0214 D8 CLD initialize:
0215 A9 99 LDA #$99 hi
0217 85 FB STA POINTH
0219 A9 00 LDA #0
021B 85 FA STA POINTL and lo
021D A2 A0 RSET LDX #$A0 guess counter
021F 86 F9 NSET STX INH
0221 86 E1 STX NGUESS
0223 20 1F 1F GUESS JSR SCANDS light display
0226 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY test key
0229 C9 13 CMP #$13 go key?
022B F0 D3 BEQ START
022D C5 E2 CMP LAST
022F F0 F2 BEQ GUESS same key?
0231 85 E2 STA LAST
67
0233 C9 0A CMP #$0A 'A' key? 0235 F0 10 BEQ EVAL yes, evaluate guess 0237 B0 EA BCS GUESS no key? 0239 0A ASL A roll character 023A 0A ASL A ..into.. 023C 0A ASL A position.. 023C 0A ASL A 023D A2 03 LDX #3 023F 0A LOOP ASL A ..then 0240 26 F9 ROL INH ..into 0242 CA DEX ..display 0243 10 FA BPL LOOP 0245 30 DC BMI GUESS 0247 A5 F9 EVAL LDA INH guess lower.. 0249 C5 E0 CMP RND ..than number? 024B 90 06 BCCC OVR1 yes, skip 024D C5 FB CMP POINTH no, check hi 024F B0 D2 BCS GUESS out of range? 0251 85 FB STA POINTH 0253 A6 E0 OVR1 LDX RND number lower.. 0255 E4 F9 CPX INH ..than guess? 0257 90 08 BCC OVR2 yes, skip 0259 A6 FA LDX POINTL no,check lo 025B E4 F9 CPX INH 025D B0 C4 BCS GUESS out of range? 025F 85 FA STA POINTL 0261 A6 E1 OVR2 LDX NGUESS 'guess' number 0263 E8 INX ..plus 1 0264 E0 AA CPX #$AA past limit? 0266 F0 B5 SEQ RSET yes, reset 0268 D0 B5 BNE NSET XXXXX HEX DUMP - HI LO XXXXX 0200 F8 A5 E0 38 69 00 A2 01 C9 99 D0 01 8A 85 E0 20 0210 40 1F D0 ED D8 A9 99 85 FB A9 00 85 FA A2 A0 86 0220 F9 86 E1 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F C9 13 F0 D3 C5 E2 F0 0230 F2 85 52 C9 0A F0 10 B0 EA 0A 0A 0A 0A A2 03 0A 0240 26 F9 CA 10 FA 30 DC A5 F9 C5 E0 90 06 C5 FB B0 0250 D2 85 FB A6 E0 E4 F9 90 0B A6 FA E4 F9 B0 C4 85 0260 FA A6 E1 E8 E0 AA F0 B5 D0 B5
68
BY CHUCK EATON
DESCRIPTION -
THIS IS AN EIGHT LAP HORSE RACE AND YOU CAN BE THE
JOCKEY AND WHIP YOUR HORSE TO GO FASTER. WARNING ...WHIP
THE HORSE TOO MUCH AND HE PROBABLY POOPS OUT. THE PROGRAM
STARTS AT 0200.
HORSE TRACK WHIPPING BUTTON
PRINCE CHARMING TOP PC
COLORADO COWBOY MIDDLE C
IRISH RAIR BOTTOM 4
0200 D8 CLD ...INITIALIZATION...
0201 A2 13 LDX #$13
0203 BD D9 02 INIT LDA 02D9,X HORSES TO STARTING GATE
0206 95 7C STA 007C,X
0208 CA DEX
0209 10 F8 BPL INIT
020B A9 7F DISP LDA #$7F ...LIGHT DISPLAY...
020D 8D 41 17 STA 1741
0210 A0 00 LDY #$00
0212 A2 09 LDX #$09
0214 B9 7C 00 LITE LDA 007C,Y
0217 84 FC STY 00FC
0219 20 4E 1F JSR 1F4E OUTPUT DIGIT
021C C8 INY
021D C0 06 CPY #$06 SIX DIGITS DISPLAYED?
021F 90 F3 BCC LITE NOT YET
0221 20 3D 1F JSR 1F3D TURN OFF DIGITS
0224 A5 8F LDA LAP CNT.FINISHED TOTAL LAPS?
0226 30 E3 BMI DISP YES, FREEZE DISPLAY
0228 A2 03 LDX #$03
022A CA NEXT DEX NEXT HORSE
022B 30 DE BMI DISP FINISHED 3 HORSES
022D D6 86 DEC 0086,X DEC. CNT., HORSE X
022F D0 F9 BNE NEXT NOT ZERO, NEXT HORSE
0231 86 99 STX 0099 SAVE HORE INDEX
0233 A4 99 LDY 0099 AND PUT IN Y AS INDEX
0235 B6 83 LDX 0083,Y DIGIT P05. OF HORSE IN X
0237 B9 ED 02 LDA 02ED,Y MASK TO REMOVE HORSE
023A 35 7C AND 007C,X GET RID OF HORSE
023C 95 7C STA 007C,X RETURN REMAINING HORSES
023E E8 INX GO TO NEXT DIGIT RIGHT
023F 96 83 STX 0083,Y UPDATE HORSE DIGIT POS.
0241 B9 ED 02 LDA 02ED,Y GET MASK
0244 49 FF EOR #$FF CHANGE TO AN INSERT MASK
0246 15 7C ORA 007C,X PUT HORSE IN NEXT
0248 95 7C STA 007C,X DIGIT RIGHT
024A E0 05 CPX #$05 REACHED RIGHT SIDE?
024C 30 2B BMI POOP NOT YET
024E D0 06 BNE NLAP OFF RIGHT SIDE, CHANGE LAP
0250 A5 8F LDA 008F CHECK LAP COUNTER
0252 F0 1B BEQ LAST IF ZERO, LAST LAP
0254 D0 23 BNE POOP
69
0256 A2 02 NLAP LDX #S02 ...CHANGE TO A NEW LAP 0258 38 DOWN SEC SHIFT ALL HORSE DIGIT 0259 B5 83 LDA 0083,X POSITIONS SIX PLACES 025B E9 06 SBC #$06 DOWN... 025D 95 83 STA 0083,X 025F CA DEX 0260 10 F6 BPL DOWN 0262 A2 06 LDX #$06 0264 B5 7C STOR LDA 007C,X ...ALSO SHIFT DIGIT 0266 95 76 STA 0076,X CONTENTS INTO STORAGE 0268 A9 80 LDA #$80 AREA AND CLEAR DISPLAY 026A 95 7C STA 007C,X AREA... 026C CA DEX 026D D0 F5 BNE STOR 026F C6 8F LAST DEC 008F DEC. LAP COUNTER 0271 D0 06 BNE POOP NOT LAST LAP, CONTINUE 0273 A5 81 LDA 0081 LAST LAP, PUT FINISH 0275 09 06 ORA #$06 LINE IN LAST DIGIT 0277 85 81 STA 0081 0279 B9 89 00 POOP LDA 0089,Y HORSE Y POOP FLAG 027C F0 0A BEQ NOPO HORSE NOT POOPED 027E 20 C5 02 JSR RAND ...POOPED, BUT MAY 0281 29 3C AND #$3C BECOME UNPOOPED DEPENDING 0283 D0 11 BNE FAST ON RANDOM NUMBER 0285 99 89 00 STA 0089,Y 0288 20 C5 02 NOPO JSR RAND ...NOT POOPED, BUT MAY 028B 29 38 AND #S38 BECOME POOPED DEPENDING 028D 85 9A STA 009A ON RANDOM NUMBER... 028F B9 8C 00 LDA 008C,Y 0292 30 0B BMI FAST 0294 29 38 AND #$38 0296 C5 9A CMP 009A 0298 B0 05 BCS FAST 029A A9 FF LDA #$FF IF POOPED, SET POOP 029C 99 89 00 STA 0089,Y FLAG TO "FF" 029F 20 3D 1F FAST JSR KEYIN GET KEY FROM KEYBOARD 02A2 A0 FF LDY #$FF INIT. Y TO MAX 02A4 A6 99 LDX 0099 HORSE INDEX IN X 02A6 3D F0 02 AND 02F0,X MASK (IS HORSE WHIPPED?) 02A9 F0 01 BEQ SKIP NO, NOT BEING WHIPPED 02AB 88 DEY WHIPPED, Y MADE SMALLER 02AC 98 SKIP TYA CHANGE SIGN IF POOPED 02AD 55 89 EOR 0089,X EXC. OR WITH 00 OR FF 02AF 85 9A STA 009A SAVE SPEED UPDATE 02B1 20 C5 02 JSR RAND GET A RANDOM NUMBER 02B4 38 SEC 02B5 29 01 AND #$01 ..LOWEST BIT OF # 02B7 65 9A ADC 009A COMBINE WHIP UPDATE, 02B9 18 CLC RAND # (0 OR 1) & CARRY 02BA A6 99 LDX 0099 HORSE INDEX IN X 02BC 75 8C ADC 008C,X HORSES SPEED ADDED IN 02BE 95 8C STA 008C,X SAVE NEW SPEED 02C0 95 86 STA 0086,X ALSO IN WINDOW COUNTER 02C2 4C 2A 02 JMP NEXT LOOP
70
XXXXX RANDOM NUMBER SUBROUTINE XXXX 02C5 38 RAND SEC 02C6 A5 92 LDA 0092 FROM J. BUTTERFIELD 02C8 65 95 ADC 0095 KIM USER NOTES *1 02CA 65 96 ADC 0096 PAGE 4 02CC 85 91 STA 0091 02CE A2 04 LDX #$04 02D0 B5 91 MOVE LDA 0091,X 02D2 95 92 STA 0092,X 02D4 CA DEX 02D5 10 F9 BPL MOVE 0207 60 RTS XXXXX TABLES - HORSERACE XXXX 02D8- 00/80/80/80/80/80/80/80 02E0- FF/FF/FF/80/80/80/00/00/00/80/80/80/08/FE/BF/F7 02F0- 01/02/04 XXXXX HEX DUMP - HORSERACE XXXX 0200 D8 A2 13 BD D9 02 95 7C CA 10 F8 A9 7F 8D 41 17 0210 A0 00 A2 09 B9 7C 00 84 FC 20 4E 1F C8 C0 06 90 0220 F3 20 3D 1F A5 8F 30 E3 A2 03 CA 30 DE D6 86 D0 0230 F9 86 99 A4 99 B6 83 B9 ED 02 35 7C 95 7C E8 96 0240 83 B9 ED 02 49 FF 15 7C 95 7C E0 05 30 2B D0 06 0250 A5 8F F0 1B D0 23 A2 02 38 B5 83 E9 06 95 83 CA 0260 10 F6 A2 06 B5 7C 95 76 A9 80 95 7C CA D0 F5 C6 0270 8F D0 06 A5 81 09 06 85 81 B9 89 00 F0 0A 20 C5 0280 02 29 3C D0 1A 99 89 00 20 C5 02 29 38 85 9A B9 0290 8C 00 30 0B 29 38 C5 9A B0 05 A9 FF 99 89 00 20 02A0 3D 1F A0 FF A6 99 3D F0 02 F0 01 88 98 55 89 85 02B0 9A 20 C5 02 38 29 01 65 9A 18 A6 99 75 8C 95 8C 02C0 95 86 4C 2A 02 38 A5 92 65 95 65 96 85 91 A2 04 02D0 B5 91 95 92 CA 10 F9 60 00 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 02E0 FF FF FF 80 80 80 00 00 00 80 80 80 08 FE BF F7 02F0 01 02 04
71
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
Ever wish you could touch-type your KIM keypad like some people
can type? It's not hard; all you need is practice. And what
better teacher to drill you on key entry than the KIM system
itself?
Load this fully relocatable program anywhere. Start it up, and
the display will show a random hexadecimal digit, from 0 to F.
Hit the corresponding key, and the display will blank, and then
present you with another random digit. Hit the wrong key and
nothing will happen.
The educational principle involved is called positive reinforcement.
That is, you're rewarded for doing the right thing, and ignored if
you do it wrong. A few minutes of practice a day. and you'll become
a speed demon on the keyboard!
0000 20 40 1F START JSR KEYIN
0003 D0 FB BNE START key still depressed - blank
0005 AD 04 17 LDA TIMER random value
0008 4A 4A LSRA LSRA wipe high order bits
000A 4A 4A LSRA LSRA
000C 85 FF STA TEMP save the digit
000E 0A 0A ASLA ASLA move back left
0010 0A 0A ASLA ASLA
0012 05 FF ORA TEMP repeat the digit
0014 85 F9 STA INH put..
0016 85 FA STA FOINTL ..into..
0018 85 FB STA P0INTH .. display
001A 20 1F 1F LIGHT JSR SCANDS light display
001D 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY test keys
0020 C5 FF CMP TEMP right key?
0022 F0 DC BEQ START yes, blank & rpeat
0024 D0 F4 BNE LIGHT
The random number used in this program is taken from the KIM timer.
This timer runs continuously and might be anywhere between 00 and FF
at the instant we push the button. We use the four left hand (high order)
bits of the timer to produce the next digit.
Be sure that KIM is not in decimal mode when you run this program -
set address 00F1 to 00 before starting. If You forget, you might
find that the alphabetic keys (A to F) don't work right.
Exercises: can you make the program clear decimal mode automatically?
How about a counter to record the number of correct keystrokes you
have made? That way, you could time yourself to see how many keys
you can get right in 60 seconds. The count could be shown in the
two right hand digits of the display. Do you think it should be
in decimal or hexadecimal?
72
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
Here's a jumbo NIM that's good for all skill levels.
Why? Because KIM matches wits with you - literally.
Play a duffer's game and KIM will make lots of errors,
too. Start winning a few - and KIM will move up to
the master player level.
Hit GO and several digits on the KIM display will light.
Each lit digit represents a pile of objects you can
pick from. Decide which pile you want, and enter
its identity: A for the left-hand pile through to
P for the right-hand pile. The pile you have selected
will start to flash on and off. Now enter the number
of items you want to take from that pile.
KIM will take its turn the same way - you'll see
the pile selected begin to flash, and then some
items will be taken away. After the computer moves,
it's your turn again.
The winner is the player who takes the last object.
When this happens, KIM will identify the winner.
A new game can be started at any time by hitting GO.
0200 20 40 1F START JSR KEYIN directional regs
0203 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY
0206 C9 13 CMP #$13 GO key?
0208 D0 3A BNE NOGO nope, skip
020A AD 04 17 LDA TIMER get random nbr
020D A2 02 LDX #2 split into 3
020F A8 SPLIT TAY save A
0210 29 07 AND #7 extract 3 bits
0212 F0 03 BEQ ZINCH unless zero..
0214 18 CLC ..add two
0215 69 02 ADC #2
0217 95 04 ZINCH STA VALUE,X store pile val
0219 98 TYA bring back rand
021A 4A 4A 4A LSRA LSRA LSRA
021D CA DEX
021E 10 EF BPL SPLIT
0220 20 40 1F STALL JSR KEYIN wait for..
0223 D0 FB BNE STALL ..key release
0225 AD 04 17 LDA TIMER new random nbr
0228 A2 02 LDX #2 split 3 ways
022A A8 SPLAT TAY again
022B 29 07 AND #7 3 bits
022D 95 07 STA VALUE+3,X
022F 98 TYA
0230 4A 4A 4A LSRA LSRA LSRA
0233 CA DEX
0234 10 F4 BPL SPLAT
0236 85 01 STA PILE pile zero
0238 85 02 STA MOVE it's your move
023A A2 06 LDX #6 for each pile..
73
023C B5 03 DRESS LDA VALUE-1,X ..change to 023E 20 2D 03 JSR SEG ..segments 0241 CA DEX 0242 D0 F8 BNE DRESS 0244 A6 02 NOGO LDX MOVE whose move? 0246 D0 3D BNE NOKEY computer's~ skip 0248 C9 10 CMP #$10 hex digit keyed? 024A B0 39 BCS NOKEY no, skip 024C 09 00 CMP #0 zero key? 024E F0 35 BEQ NOKEY yes, skip 0250 C9 CA CMP #$0A alphabetic? 0252 90 12 BCC NUM no, numeric 0254 38 SEC change A-F 0255 E9 09 SBC #9 ..to 1-6 0257 A6 01 LDX PILE pile already.. 0259 D0 2A BNB NOKEY ..selected? 025B AA TAX 025C B5 0A LDA FLASHR,X 025E F0 25 BEQ NOKEY nothing in pile? 0260 86 01 STX PILE OK, mark pile 0262 95 CA STA FLASHR store flash code 0264 B0 1F BCS NOKEY unconditional 0266 A6 01 NUM LDX PILE 0268 F0 1B BEQ NOKEY no pile selected 026A 85 03 STA TEMP save number 026C B5 03 LDA VALUE-i,X pile value 026E C5 03 CMP TEMP pile big enough? 0270 90 13 BCC NOKEY nope 0272 E5 03 SBC TEMP yes, take out 0274 20 2D 03 JSR SEG compute segments 0277 E6 02 INC MOVE computer's move 0279 20 16 03 JSR SURVEY end of game? 027C D0 07 BNE NOKEY no, keep going 027E 20 05 03 JSR MESSAG yes, show messg 0281 85 0B STA WINDOW ''I LOSE'' 0283 46 00 LSR IQ get smart! ; all routines join here - display 0285 A6 01 NOKEY LDX PILE 0287 A5 0A LDA FLASHR flash pile 0289 55 0A EOR FLASHR,X 028B 95 0A STA FLASHR,X 02BD A9 7F LDA #$7F 028F 8D 41 17 STA PADD 0292 A0 13 LIGHT LDY #13 0294 A2 05 LDX #5 0296 B5 0B LITE LDA WINDOW,X 0298 85 40 17 STA SAD 029B 8C 42 17 STY SBD 029E E6 11 LITEX INC CUE 02A0 D0 FC BNE LITEX 02A2 88 88 DEY DEY 02A4 CA DEX 02A5 10 ED BPL LITE 02A7 E6 12 INC WAIT 02A9 D0 E7 BNE LIGHT
74
02AB A9 F8 LDA #$F8 02AD 85 12 STA WAIT 02AF A6 02 LDX MOVE whose move? 02B1 F0 4E BEQ EXIT not computer's 02B3 CA DEX first step? 02B4 D0 2B BNE TRY no, skip stratgy 02B6 A9 00 LDA #0 02B8 A2 05 LDX #5 merge all piles.. 02BA 55 04 MERGE EOR VALUE,X ..by EOR-ing them C2BC CA DEX 02BD 10 FB BPL MERGE 02BF 85 CA STA FLASHR save EOR product 02C1 A2 06 LDX #6 re-examine piles 02C3 B5 03 LOOP LDA VALUE-1,X 02C5 45 0A EOR FLASHR 02C7 D5 03 CMP VALUE-1,X 02C9 90 05 BCC FOUND 02CB CA DEX 02CC D0 F5 BNE LOOP 02CE F0 0B BEQ MOVE 02D0 A4 00 FOUND LDY IQ IQ high enuff? 02D2 CC 04 17 CPY TIMER ..randomly.. 02D5 B0 04 BCS MOVE no, move dumb 02D7 85 03 STA TEMP amount 02D9 86 01 STX PILE pile number 02DB A6 01 MOVE LDX PILE 02DD B5 0A LDA FLASHR,X flash mask 02DF 85 0A STA FLASHR Flash... 02E1 E6 02 TRY INC MOVE but don't make 02E3 A5 02 LDA MOVE ..the move till.. 02E5 C9 10 CMP #$10 ..time has passed C2E7 90 18 BCC EXIT 02E9 A6 01 LDX PILE time to move! 02EB A5 03 LDA TEMP 02ED 20 2D CD JSR SEG make move 02F0 20 16 03 JSR SURVEY end of game? 02F3 D0 06 BNE KEEP nope, keep goin 02F5 20 05 03 JSR MESSAG 'U LOSE' 02F8 38 SEC dummy up.. 02F9 26 00 ROL IQ ..the computer 02FB A9 00 KEEP LDA #0 02FD 85 02 STA MOVE it's your move 02FF 85 01 STA PILE un-flash 0301 D8 CLD 0302 40 00 02 JMP START 0305 A9 00 MESSAG LDA #0 0307 85 02 STA MOVE end of play 0309 85 01 STA PILE no flashing 030B A2 06 LDX #6 move 7 digits 030D BD 3B 03 MLOOF LDA DATA,X pick em up.. 0310 95 CA STA FLASHR,X ..put em down 0312 CA DEX 0313 10 F8 BPL MLOOP 0315 60 RTS
75
0316 A9 00 SURVEY LDA #0 0318 85 0A STA FLASHR un-flash 031A A2 06 LDX #6 for all piles.. 031C D5 03 REVUE CMP VALUE-1,X 031E B0 06 BCS SMALL 0320 B5 03 LDA VALUE-1,X 0322 85 03 STA TEMP 0324 86 01 STX PILE 0326 CA SMALL DEX 0327 D0 F3 BNE REVUE 0329 C6 03 DEC TEMP 032B A8 TAY test A 032C 60 RTS 032D 95 03 SEG STA VALUE-1,X store value 032F F0 04 BEQ NIL blank digit 0331 A8 TAY 0332 39 E7 1F LDA TABLE,Y 0335 95 0A NIL STA FLASHR,X segments to wndw 0337 A9 00 LDA #0 0339 60 RTS 033A FF 06 BE 00 B8 BF ED F9 (DATA) 0342 XXXXX HEX DUMP - KIM NIM XXXX 0200 20 40 1F 20 6A 1F C9 13 D0 3A AD 04 17 A2 02 A8 0210 29 07 F0 03 18 69 02 95 04 98 4A 4A 4A CA 10 EF 0220 20 40 1F D0 FB AD 04 17 A2 02 A8 29 07 95 07 98 0230 4A 4A 4A CA 10 F4 85 01 85 02 A2 06 B5 03 20 2D 0240 03 CA D0 F8 A6 02 D0 3D C9 10 B0 39 C9 00 F0 35 0250 C9 0A 90 12 38 E9 09 A6 01 D0 2A AA B5 0A F0 25 0260 86 01 85 0A B0 1F A6 01 F0 1B 85 03 B5 03 C5 03 0270 90 13 E5 03 20 2D 03 E6 02 20 16 03 D0 07 20 05 0280 03 85 0B 46 00 A6 01 A5 0A 55 0A 95 0A A9 7F 8D 0290 41 17 A0 13 A2 05 B5 0B 8D 40 17 8C 42 17 E6 11 02A0 D0 FC 88 88 CA 10 EF E6 12 D0 E7 A9 F8 85 12 A6 02B0 02 F0 4E CA D0 2B A9 00 A2 05 55 04 CA 10 FB 85 02C0 0A A2 06 85 03 45 0A D5 03 90 05 CA D0 F5 F0 0B 02D0 A4 00 CC 04 17 B0 04 85 03 86 01 A6 01 B5 0A 85 02E0 0A E6 02 A5 02 C9 10 90 18 A6 01 A5 03 20 2D 03 02F0 20 16 03 D0 06 20 05 03 38 26 00 A9 00 85 02 85 0300 01 D8 4C 00 02 A9 00 85 02 85 01 A2 06 BD 3B 03 0310 95 0A 0A 10 F8 60 A9 00 85 0A A2 06 D5 03 B0 06 0320 B5 03 85 03 86 01 CA D0 F3 C6 03 A8 60 95 03 F0 0330 04 A8 B9 E7 1F 95 0A A9 00 60 FF 06 BE 00 B8 BF 0340 ED F9
76
BY LEW EDWARDS
DIRECTIONS -
PLAY BEGINS WITH KIM MAKING THE FIRST PLAY WHEN
"GO" IS PRESSED. THE SECOND THROUGH FOURTH DIGITS OF
THE DISPLAY HOLD THE PATTERN WITH SQUARES NUMBERED AS:
YOUR ENTRY WILL BE IMMEDIATE BUT 7 8 9
KIM'S ACTION WILL BE DELAYED. YOUR 4 5 6
PLAYS LIGHT STEADILY WHILE KIM'S 1 2 3
FLICKER. A WINNING ROW BLINKS AND A DRAW BLINKS
EVERYThING. ON COMPLETION OF A GAME, ThE "GO" KEY WILL
START A NEW GAME. IF YOU PREFER TO PLAY FIRST, PRESS THE
11+1! KEY INSTEAD. THE KIM HAS AN I.Q. LEVEL ThAT CAN BE
CHANGED BY PRESSING "PC" AT GAMES END. YOU WILL SEE
"ODDS" AND KIM'S I.Q. DISPLAYED. THE J.Q. IS INITIALLY
SET TO 75%, (OC). CHANGE IT TO WHAT YOU WISH AND THEN
PRESS '1DA" TO RETURN TO ThE DONE LOOP AND START A NEW
GAME IN ThE NORMAL MANNER. THE I.Q. IS ADJUSTED UPWARD
EACH TIME THE PLAYER WINS AND DOWNWARD EACH TIME KIM WINS.
THE PROGRAM STARTS AT 0100.
0100 4C 10 03 JMP STIQ JUMP TO START LOCATION
0103 EA EA EA NOP'S
***** SUBROUTINE "LOAD BLINK" *****
0106 A9 20 LDA *$20 BLINK FLAG
0108 15 BF ORA SQST,X ADD IT TO THE..
010A 95 BF STA SQST,X INDEXED BYTE
010C 60 RTS
010D EA EA NOP'S
***** TABLE - SEGMENTS ZZ ***
010F 08/08/08/40/40/40/01/01/01
***** TABLE - ROWS *****
0118 01/04/07/01/02/03/01/03
0120 02/05/08/04/05/06/05/05
0128 03/06/09/07/08/09/09/07
*** SUBROUTINE "GET PLAY" ***
0130 85 D9 GPLA STA TEMP SAVE THE ACCUMULATOR
0132 A2 09 LDX *$09 FOR TESTING
0134 A5 D9 GPLP LDA TEMP GET IT BACK
0136 35 DB AND PS,X MASK THE STATUS BYTE
0138 24 D9 BIT TEMP CHECK FOR BIT ON
013A D0 03 BNE OUT GOT IT - DONE
013C CA DEX
013D D0 F5 BNE GPLP NOPE - KEEP TRYING
013F 60 OUT RTS SQUARE VALUE IN X
0 = NO MATCH
***** SUBROUTINE "TEST AND INCREMENT" *****
0140 B5 BF LDA SS,X
0142 D0 02 BNE OUT COUNT OPEN SQUARES
0144 F6 DB INC PS,X ONLY
0146 60 OUT RTS
77
*** TODO listing *** Iii ImnATCII SUBROUTINE 0147 95 BE UPDA STA SS,X FLAG ThE SQUARE 0149 AO OB LDY $08 0148 A9 00 UPLP LDA ~$00 CLEAR THE REGISTER 014D 99 C8 00 STA RS,Y 0150 BE 17 Ol LDX SQ1,Y ThEN LOAD 0153 20 SA 03 JSR RSADD CURRENT STATUS 0156 BE iF Ol LDX SQ2,Y VALUES 0159 20 BA 03 JSR RSADD 015C BE 27 Ol LDX 5Q3,Y 01SF 20 SA.03 JSR RSADD 0162 88 DEY 0163 DO ES SNE UPLP LOOP TILL DONE 0165 60 RTS 0200 A9 no NEW LDA ttsoo 0202 ~ 1D LDX ft$1D CLEAR REGISThRS 0204 95 54 INLP STA 00B4,X 0206 CA DEX 0207 DO ES SNE INLP 0209 A9 Os LDA #$05 INITALIZE ORDER OF.. 0208 85 SB STA 00B8 N~-CALCULATED PLAYS 020D AO 04 LDY #S04 CENTER - FIXED ORDER 020F 20 F2 03 ELPi JSR RPLA 0212 A2 04 LDX #t$04 0214 D5 88 ELP2 OMP REVN,X 0216 FO F7 SEQ ELPi 0218 CA DEX 0219 DO F9 BNE ELP2 0218 99 SB no STA REVN,Y SIDES IN RANDOM ORDER 021E 88 DEY 021F DO EE SNE ELPi 0221 ES BE INC ODEV 0223 AD 04 LDY ~$O4 0225 20 F2 53 OLPi JSR RPLA 0228 A2 Os LDX ttSos 022A D5 B6 OLP2 CMP RODD,X 022C ES F7 SEQ OLPi 022E CA DEX 022F DO F9 BNE OLP2 0231 99 56 OO STA RODD,Y CORNERS-IN RANDOM ORDER 0234 88 DEY 0235 DO EE BNE OLPi 0237 A9 53 PVAL LDA #$03 0239 AS OS TEST LDY *S08 TEST FOR 3 IN A ROW 0238 DY CS OS WNLP CMP ROWS,Y 03=PLAYER WIN/OCZKIM WIN 023E FO OS SEQ WIN GAME WON-BLINK ThE ROW 0240 88 DEY 0241 DO F8 SNE WNLP NOT YET-CK NEXT ROW 0243 ES 15 BEQ DRAW NO WINNER-CK FOR DRAW 0245 BE 17 Ol WIN LDX SQ1,Y 0248 20 OS 51 JSR BLNK BLINK #1 0248 BE iF 51 LDX SQ2,Y 024E 20 56 51 JSR BLNK BLINK #2
78
*** TODO listing *** 0251 BE 27 Ol LOX SQ3,Y 0254 20 OG (31 JSR BLNK BLINK #3 0257 4C FE O2 JMP MTST CHECK THE WINNER 025A A2 09 DRAW LOX .\'$~g 025C AS Co OPEN LDA #$CO OPEN SQUARE? 025E 35 SF AND DSPL1X 0260 F0 OE SEQ TURN YES - CONTINUE GAME 0262 CA XX NO - CK NEXT SQUARE 0263 DO F7 SNE OPEN ALL DONE? 0265 A2 (39 LDX #$os 0267 20 (36 Ol NXBL JSR BLNK NO OPEN SQUARES 026A CA XX 1T15 A DRAW 0268 DC FA BNE NXBL SLINK 'EM ALL 0260 4C 15 03 JMP DONE GAME'5 OVER 0270 E6 Es TURN INC PLA4 COUNT THE PLAYS 0272 AS OB LDA MODE WHO'S TURN? 0274 DO 17 SNE WAIT KIM'S 0276 20 A6 03 KEY JSR KEYS PLAYER'S 0279 FO FE BEQ KEY GET A KEY 0278 CS OA CMP #SOA OVER 9? 0270 80 F7 BCS KEY GET ANOTHER 027F AA TAX USE IT AS AN INDEX 0280 54 SF LOY DSPL,X SEE IF SQUARE1S OPEN 0282 DO F2 ENE KEY NO, TRY AGAIN 0284 AS 40 LDA #$40 YES, MARK IT FOR.. 0286 20 47 Ol JSR UPDATE PLAYER 0289 EG DB INC tcDE KIM'S NEXT 0288 DO M SNE PVAL BUT FIRST CK FOR 'dIN 0280 20 4C 03 WAIT JSR DISPLAY HOLD KIM BACK 0290 E6 Dl INC LPCNT A LITTLE 0292 DO F9 ENE WAIT UPDATE AND.. 0294 A9 OS LDA #SoS THEN CHECK ThE.. 0296 20 C8 03 JSR PSLD BOARD 0299 AS 02 LDA #$02 0298 20 CS 03 JSR PSLD 029E AS 04 LDA if$04 02A0 20 C8 03 JSR PSLD 02A3 A9 Ol LDA 4$01 02A5 20 CS 03 JSR PSLD 02A8 AS CO LDA #$CO WINNING PLAY FOR KIM 02AA 20 30 Ol JSR GETPLA O2AD Do 43 SNE PLAY YES - MAKE IT O2AF A9 30 LDA 4$S30 2 IN A ROW FOR.. 0281 20 30 Ol JSR GETPLA PLAYER 0284 DO 3C SNE PLAY YES - BLOCK IT 0286 AS OS LDA #Soa POSSIBLE SQUEEZE 0258 20 30 Ol JSR GETPLA PLAY FOR KIM 0288 DO 35 BNE PLAY YES - oo IT 0280 20 83 03 IPLA JSR RAND HOW MUCH SMARTS? 02C0 29 OF AND #$OF NEEDED? 02C2 CS D2 CMP IQ KIN'S I.Q. 02C4 So iF BCS OLtIB TOO LOW - BAD MOVES 02C6 A4 85 LOY PLAC SMART
79
*** TODO listing *** 02C8 Co Ol cry #$01 1ST PLAY? O2CA DO 01+ BNE FOUR NO O2CC 29 Ol AND #$oi YES 020E Do 17 BNE TPLA 1/2 TIME PLAY A CORNER 0200 CO 01+ FOUR OPY #$04 4Th PLAY? 0202 DC OS BNE SPLA NO, SKIP 0204 21+ C4 BIT SQST+5 YES, CK WHO HAS CENTER 0206 30 OD B~! DUMB KIM - PLAY A SIDE 0208 70 07 BVS PLAC PLAYER-PLAY A CORNER O2DA A9 02 SPLA LDA #$02 CAN PLAYER MAKE A. O2DC 20 30 Ol JSR GETPLA SQUEEZE PLAY? O2DF DO 11 BNE PLAY YES - BLOCK IT 02E1 AO OS PLAC LDY C$0S 02E3 DO 02 BNE TPLA START WITH ThE CENTER 02E5 AO OS DUMB LOY ~$09 START WITH ThE SIDES 02E7 85 85 TPLA LOX RPLA,Y USE ThE RANDOM PLAY 02E9 85 8ff LDA DISP,X TABLE - OPEN SQUARE? O2EB FO 05 BEQ PLAY FOUND ONE - PLAY IT 0250 88 DEY NO, TRY NEXT ONE O2EE Do ff7 BNE RPLA NOT YET 02F0 FO F3 BEQ DUMB START OVER 02ff2 AS 80 PLAY LDA ~$80 MARK ThE.. 02F1+ 20 47 Ol JSR UPDATE SQUARE FOR KIM 02F7 CS OB DEC MODE PLAYER'S TURN NEXT 02F9 AS OC LDA #$oc FIRST, DID KIM WIN? O2FB 1+C 39 02 JMP TEST 02FE AS DB MTST LDA MODE WHO WON? 0300 Do 01+ BNE IQUP PLAYER, UP KIM'S 1.9. 0302 CS D2 IQON DEC 19 KIM'S TOO SMART 0304 10 OF BPL DONE LOWER THE 1.9. 0306 ES D2 IQUP INC 19 NOT BELOW ZERO 0308 AS 10 LDA #tSio NOT OVER 10 HEX 030A CS D2 CMP 19 030C 90 ff4 BCC IQEN 030E 80 Os BCS DONE 0310 AS OC STIQ LDA #$OC START WITH 75% 0312 85 D2 IQST STA 19 1.9. 0314 D8 CLO 0315 20 AS 03 DONE JSR KEYS DISPLAY RESULTS-GET KEY 0318 AO Ol LOY '$oi START WITH KIM 031A C9 13 CMP *$13 IF ~ KEY PRESSED 031C FO 28 859 SEMO 031E 88 DEY START WJTH PLAYER.. 031F CS 12 CMP tt$12 IF "+" KEY PRESSED 0321 FO 23 BEQ SEMO 0323 CS 11+ CMP jt$i4 "PC" PRESSED - SKIP 0325 Do EE BNE DONE NO KEY - LOOP 0327 A9 OD CHIQ LDA #$oo 0329 85 ff8 STA POINTh SHOW "ODDS" 0328 AS OS LDA ~$D5 0320 85 ffA STA POINTL 032ff AS D2 LDA ś9 AND I.Q. 0331 85 ff9 STA INH 0333 20 iF 1ff JSR SCANDS ON DISPLAY 0336 20 40 1ff JSR KEYPR 0339 20 SA 1ff JSR GETKEY
80
*** TODO listing *** 033C CS 11 ~ #$ii 'e!w' KEY PRESSED 033E FO DS SEQ DOtE RE~ TO 'IDONE~w LOOP 0340 86 ES BCS CHJQ KEEP TRYING IF OVER SIADIt 0342 85 D2 STA IQ LIER uCHEX), CHANGE 0344 SO El SCC CHIQ [Q TO KEY ~, NO KEY AGAIN 0346 84 DO SEMO STY K)DE SET STARTING PLAY 0348 4C GO 02 JMP NEW ANOThER GAME 0348 LA NOP SUBROUTINE 11DrSPLAY" 034C AS 7F DISPLAY LDA ~$7F 034E 80 41 17 STA PADO OPEN DISPLAY CHANELS 0351 EG DA INC RATE 0353 AD OG LDY #$oo 0355 A2 GB DIGX LOX tiSOB INDEX DIGIT 0357 B9 CO OC SEGY LDA SQST,Y GET CONTROL BYTE 035A 85 FC STA SAVE SAVE IT 035C FO 14 SEQ OFF OPEN SQUARE 035E 29 20 AND *$20 BLINK FLAG 0360 FO G4 SEQ FLIC NOT ON - SKIP BLINK 0362 24 DA SIT RATE 0364 70 OC BVS OFF ALTERNATE ON-OFF 0366 AS FC FLIC LDA SAVE 0368 29 40 AND tt$40 STEADY FLAG C36A DO CA BNE ON ON - SKIP FLICKER 036C AS DA LDA RATE 036E 29 Os AND ~$o8 FLICKER RATE 0370 FO 04 SEQ ON ON 0372 A9 GO OFF LDA #$oo OFF 0374 Fr) 03 SEQ DIOT 0376 89 OF Cl ON LUA SEGS;Y 0379 84 FC DIOT STY SAVE SAVE FROM LOSS IN SUBR 0376 20 4E iF JSR CONV~6 DISPLAY A SEGMENT 037E Cs INY 037F CO OS cPY ~$09 LAST SQUARE 0381 FO 06 SEQ LAST YES DONE 0383 ED 11 cpx #$i1 NO, LAST DIGIT? 0385 FO CE SNE DIGX YES REPEAT DIGITS 0387 DO CE SNE SEGY NO - NEXT DIGIT 0389 60 LAST RTS SUBROUTINE "RS ADD" 038A 55 EF RSA LDA SQST,x G38C 85 OS STA TEMP 038E 24 D9 BIT TEMP WHO'S SQUARE? 0390 30 0ś BMr KIM KrM'S 0392 70 OS BVS PLYR PLAYER'S 0394 AS On OPEN LDA #$oo OPEN SQUARE VALUE 0396 FO 0ś SEQ ADD 0398 AS 04 KIM LDA tt$04 KIM VALUE 039A DO 02 SNE ADD 035C AS Ol PLYR LDA ~$O1 PLAYER VALUE 039E 18 ADD CLC 03SF 79 CB OG ADC RS,Y ADD TO ROW STATUS 03A2 99 CS CO STA RS,Y BYTE 03A5 60 RTS
81
*** TODO listing *** 'cc "'C 'C SUBROUTINE ttKEYSII 03A6 20 4C OS BACK JSR DISPLAY DISPLAY LOOP 03A9 20 40 iF JSR ANYK UNLESS OSAC FO ES BEQ BACK A KEY IS PRESSED 03AE 20 GA iF JSR KEYS THEN GET A NUMBER 0381 AA TAX RECOVER THE FLAGS 0382 60 RTS SUBROUTINE "RANDOM" 0383 D8 CLO 0384 38 SEC GENERATES A.. 0385 AS 01% LDA R+1 RANDOM NUMBER 0387 65 D7 AX R+4 (THANKS TO J. BUTTERFIELD) 0389 65 DS AX R+5 0385 85 US STA R OSED A2 01% LUX $04 O3BF BS DS ROLL LDA R,X o3C1 95 01% STA R+1,X 03C3 CA DEX OSC4 10 ES BPL ROLL 03C6 60 RTS 03C7 EA NOP SUBROUTINE "PS LOAD" 03C8 85 D9 PSL STA TEMP OSCA A2 09 LUX "$09 OSCC 16 DB XLP ASL PS,X SHIFT PREVIOUS DATA OSCE 16 DB ASL PS,X OUT OF THE WAY 03D0 CA DEX OSUl DO ff9 BNE XLP 03D3 AO OS LDY $05 03D5 AS DS YLP LDA TEMP 03D7 US CS O0 CMP RS,Y COUNT THE TIMES AN OPEN.. O3DA DO 12 BNE NOCT SQUARE FITS ThE.. OSOC BE 17 Ol LUX SQ1,Y TEST PARAMETER OSUE 20 40 Ol JSR T+1 03E2 BE lF Ol LOX 5Q2,Y OSES 20 40 Ol JSR T+1 OSES BE 27 Ol LOX 5Q3,Y O3EB 20 40 Ol JSR T+1 O3EE 88 NOCT DEY OSEF DO E4 BNE YLP 03F1 60 RTS SUBROUTINE "RANDOM PLAYS" 03F2 20 83 03 RPLA JSR RAND GET RANDOM NUMBER OSES 29 OE AND '-"$OE 0 - E (EVEN) 03F7 Os 86 eRA ODEV MAKE IT ODD IF Ol 03F9 FO F7 BEQ RPLA NO ZEROS OSEB CS OA CMP x$OA O3FD 80 F3 sCS RPLA LOOP TILL DONE 03FF 60 RTS
82
*** TODO listing *** HEX DItiP - KIM TAC TOE 0100 4C 10 03 EA EA EA AS 20 15 EF 95 EF 60 EA EA OS 0110 OS OS 40 40 40 Ol Cl Ol Ol 04 07 Cl 02 93 Ol 03 0120020508040506050503 06090708090907 013085 DY A2 Os AS D9 35DB 2409 DO 93 CA DO F5 60 0140 ES Er DO 02 ff6 DO 6095 BFAO OS A9 0099 CS GO 0150 BE 170120 SA 03 BE iF 0120 SA 03 BE 270120 0160 SA 03 88 Do ES 60 0200 A9 GO A2 iD 95 B4 CA DO FE A9 Os 85 BE AO 04 20 0210 E2 93 A2 04 Os SB FO F? CA DO ff9 59 BE GO 88 DO 0220 EE ES ES AG 0420 F2 03 A2 OS OS 85 FO F7 CA DO 0230 ff999850088 DO EE AS 03 AG Os DY CS GO FOGS 0240 88 DO ES FO 15 BE 1701 20 OS Ol BE iF Ol 20 OS 025001 BE 2701200601 4C FE G2 A2 OS A9 CO 35 BE 0260 FO GE CA DO ff7 A2 G9 20 OS Ol CA DO FA 4C 15 03 0270 ES 85 AS DE DO 1720 AS 93 FO FB CS GA 80 F7 AA 0280 84 BE DO ff2 AS 40 204701 ES OS DO AA 20 4C 03 0290 ES Dl DO E9 AS 0820 CS 93 AS 0220 CS 03 AS 04 02A0 20 CS 03A9 0120 CS 03 AS CO 203001 DO 43 AS 020030203001 DO 3CAS 08203001 DO 35208303 02C0 29 OF CS D2 SO iF A4 ES CO Ol DO 04 29 Ol DO 17 02D0 CO 04 DO OS 24 C4 30 GD 70 97 AS 0220 30 Ol DO 02E0 11 AO OS DO 02 AG 09 BS BS B5 SF FOGS 88 DO F? 02E0 ff0 ff3 AS 80 20 47 Ol CS DE AS OC 4C 39 92 AS DO 0300 DO 04 CS D2 10 OF ES D2 AS 10 CS D2 50 ff480 OS 0310 AS OC 85 D2 DS 20 AS 03 AG Ol CS 13 EG 2888 CS 0320 12 FO 23 Cs 14 DO EE AS GD 85 FE AS OS 85 EA A5 0330 D2 85 ff9 20 1ff 1ff 2040 1ff 20 SAlE C9 11 ff0 OS 034000 ES 85 D2 90 El 84DB 4C 0002 EAA9 7ff SD 41 0350 17 ES DAAO Go A2 GB ES CO 0085 FC ff0 142920 0360 FO 0424 DA 70 OCAS EC 294000 GAAS DA29 OS 0370 ff0 04A9 Go ff0 0389 OF 0184 FC 20 4E 1ff CS CO 0380 09 ff0 OS EG 11 FO CE DO CE 6085 BE 8509 24 DY 03903006 7008 A9 GO FOGS AS 040002 AS Ol 1879 03A0 CS Go 99 CS GO 60 20 4C 03 2040 iF FO ES 20 SA 0380 iF AA SO OS 38 A9 0465 0765 OS 85 D3 A2 0405 03C0 D3 9504 CA 10 ff9 60 EA 85 D9 A2 OS 16 DE 16 DO 0300 CA Do ES AG OS AS OS DY Cs GO DO 12 BE 17 Ol 20 03E0 40 Gi BE iF Ol 20 40 0: SE 27 Ol 20 40 91 88 DO 03E0 E4 6020030329 OE 9586 ff0 ff7 CS GA 80 ff360 ZERO PAGE USAGE 0056 ODD/EVEN MODIEJER OGCO-C8 PRESTORED RANDOM PLAYS GOCS-DO ROWS STATUS 0001 DELAY TIMER 0002 I.Q. 00D3-D5 RANDOM NUMBER REGISTERS 00D9 TEMPORARY STORAGE OODA FLICKER I BLINK RATE 00DB PLAY MODE 00DC-E4 PLAY STATUS OOffC SAVE
83
JIM
BUTTERFIELD
Description -
This program starts at 0200. When started, you will find
yourself at 4500 feet and falling. The thrust on your machine
is set to low; so you will pick up speed due to the force of
gravity.
You can look at your fuel at any time by pressing the
"F" button. Your fuel (initially 800 pounds) will be shown
in the first four digits of the KIM display.
The first two digits of the KIM display always show
your rate of descent or ascent. "A" restores altitude.
Set your thrust by pressing buttons 1 through 9.
Warning: button 0 turns you motor off, and it will not
reignite! A thrust of 1, minimum, burns very little fuel;
but gravity will be pulling your craft down faster and
faster. A thrust of 9, maximum, overcomes gravity
and reduces your rate of descent very sharply A thrust of 5
exactly counterbalances gravity; you will continue to descend
(or ascend) at a constant rate. If you run out of fuel,
your thrust controls will become inoperative.
A safe landing is considered to be one where you land
at a descent rate of 5 or less. After you land, your thrust
controls will be inoperative, since the motor is automatically
turned off; but you can still preff "F" to look at your fuel.
Pressing "GO" starts a new flight.
Suggestions for a safe flight:
(1) Conserve fuel at the beginning by pressing 1. You
begin to pick up speed downwards.
(2) When your rate of descent gets up to the 90's, you're
falling fast enough. Press 5 to steady the rate.
(3) When your altitude reaches about 1500 feet, you'll
need to slow down. Press 9 and slow down fast.
(4) When your rate of descent has dropped to 15 or 20,
steady the craft by pressing 5 or 6. Now you're on
your own.
; main routine - initialization
0200 A2 0D GO LDX #13 fourteen bytes
0202 BD CC 02 LP1 LDA INIT,X
0205 95 D5 STA ALT,X
0207 CA DEX
0208 10 F8 BPL LP1
; Update height and velocity
020A A2 05 CALC LDX #5
020C A0 01 RECAL LDY #1
020E F8 SED
020F 18 CLC
84
0210 B5 D5 DIGIT LDA ALT,X 0212 75 D7 ADC ALT+2,X add each digit 0214 95 D5 STA ALT,X 0216 CA DEX 0217 88 DEY 0218 10 F6 BPL RECAL next digit 021A B5 D8 LDA ALT+3,X hi-order .. zero .. 021C 10 02 BPL INCR .. or .. 021E A9 99 LDA #$99 0220 75 D5 INCR ADC ALT,X 0222 95 D5 STA ALT,X 0224 CA DEX 0225 10 E5 BPL RECAL do next addition 0227 A5 D5 LDA ALT 0229 10 0D BPL UP still flying? 022B A9 00 LDA #0 nope, turn off 022D 85 E2 STA DOWN 022F A2 02 LDX #2 0231 95 D5 DD STA ALT,X 0233 95 DB STA TH2,X 0235 CA DEX 0236 10 F9 BPL DD 0238 38 UP SEC update fuel 0239 A5 E0 LDA FUEL+2 023B E5 DD SBC THRUST 023D 85 E0 STA FUEL+2 023F A2 01 LDX #1 two more digits to go 0241 B5 DE LP2 LDA FUEL,X 0243 E9 00 SBC #0 0245 95 DE STA FUEL,X 0247 CA DEX 0248 10 F7 BPL LP2 024A B0 0C BCS TANK still got fuel? 024C A9 00 LDA #0 nope, kill motor 024E A2 03 LDX #3 0250 95 DD LP3 STA THRUST,X 0252 CA DEX 0253 10 FB BPL LP3 ; show alt, fuel, or messages 0255 20 BD 02 JSR THHRUST 0258 A5 DE TANK LDA FUEL fuel into registers 025A A6 DF LDX FUEL+1 025C 09 F0 ORA #$F0 plus F flag 025E A4 E1 LDY MODE 0260 F0 20 BEQ ST 0262 F0 9C GOLINK BEQ GO 0264 F0 A4 CLINK BEQ CALC 0266 A2 FE LDX #$FE 0268 A0 5A LDY #$5A 026A 18 CLC 026B A5 D9 LDA VEL+1 026D 69 05 ADC #5 026F A5 D8 LDA VEL 0271 69 00 ADC #0
85
0273 B0 04 BCS GOOD 0275 A2 AD LDX #$AD 0277 A0 DE LDY #$DE 0279 98 GOOD TYA 027A A4 E2 LDY DOWN 027C F0 04 BEQ ST 027E A5 D5 LDA ALT 0280 A6 D6 LDX ALT+1 0282 85 FB ST STA POINTH 0284 86 FA STX PONTL ; show rate of ascent/descent as absolute 0286 A5 D9 LDA VEL+1 0288 A6 D8 LDX VEL up or down? 028A 10 05 BPL FLY .. up, we're OK 028C 38 SEC 028D A9 00 LDA #0 028F E5 D9 SBC VEL+1 0291 85 F9 FLY STA INH 0293 A9 02 LDA #2 loop twice thru display 0295 85 E3 STA DECK 0297 D8 FLITE CLD display & key test 0298 20 1F 1F JSR SCANDS light 'em up! 029B 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY check keys 029E C9 13 CMP #$13 GO key? 02A0 F0 C0 BEQ GOLINK ...yes 02A2 B0 03 BCS NOKEY .. if no key 02A4 20 AD 02 JSR DOKEY 02A7 C6 E3 NOKEY DEC DECK 02A9 D0 ED BNE FLITE 02AB F0 B7 BEQ CLINK to CALC ; subroutine to test keys 02AD C9 0A DOKEY CMP #$0A test numeric 02AF 90 05 BCC NUMBER 02B1 49 0F EOR #$0F Fuel F gives 0 flag 02B3 85 E1 STA MODE 02B5 60 RETRN RTS 02B6 AA NUMBER TAX 02B7 A5 DD LDA THRUST test; is motor off? 02B9 F0 FA BEQ RETRN yes, ignore key 02BB 86 DD STA THRUST no, store thrust ; calculate accel as thrust minus 5 02BD A5 DD THRSET LDA THRUST 02BF 38 SEC 02C0 F8 SED 02C1 E9 05 SBC #5 02C3 85 DC STA TH2+1 02C5 A9 00 LDA #0 02C7 E9 00 SBC #0 02C9 85 DB STA TH2 02CB 60 RTS ; initial values 02CC 45 01 00 .BYTE $45,1,0 altitude 02CF 99 81 00 .BYTE $99,$81,0 rate of ascent
86
02D2 99 97 .BYTE $99,$97 acceleration 02D4 02 .BYTE 2 thrust 02D5 08 00 00 .BYTE 8,0,0 fuel 02D8 01 .BYTE 1 display mode 02D9 01 .BYTE 1 in flight/landed ; end 00D5 ALT *=*+3 00D8 VEL *=*+3 00DB TH2 *=*+2 00DD THRUST *=*+1 00DE FUEL *=*+1 00E1 MODE *=*+1 00E2 DOWN *=*+1 00E3 DECK *=*+1 ; linkages to KIM monitor SCANDS = $1F1F GETKEY = $1F6A POINTH = $FB POINTL = $FA INH = $F9 ***** Hex Dump - Lunar Lander ***** 0200 A2 0D BD CC 02 95 D5 CA 10 F8 A2 05 A0 01 F8 18 0210 B5 D5 75 D7 95 D5 CA 88 10 F6 B5 D8 10 02 A9 99 0220 75 D5 95 D5 CA 10 E5 A5 D5 10 0D A9 00 85 E2 A2 0230 02 95 D5 95 DB CA 10 F9 38 A5 E0 E5 DD 85 E0 A2 0240 01 B5 DE E9 00 95 DE CA 10 F7 B0 0C A9 00 A2 03 0250 95 DD CA 10 FB 20 BD 02 A5 DE A6 DF 09 F0 A4 E1 0260 F0 20 F0 9C F0 A4 A2 FE A0 5A 18 A5 D9 69 05 A5 0270 D8 69 00 B0 04 A2 AD A0 DE 98 A4 E2 F0 04 A5 D5 0280 A6 D6 85 FB 86 FA A5 D9 A6 D8 10 05 38 A9 00 E5 0290 D9 85 F9 A9 02 85 E3 D8 20 1F 1F 20 6A 1F C9 13 02A0 F0 C0 B0 03 20 AD 02 C6 E3 D0 ED F0 B7 C9 0A 90 02B0 05 49 0F 85 E1 60 AA A5 DD F0 FA 86 DD A5 DD 38 02C0 F8 E9 05 85 DC A9 00 E9 00 85 DB 60 45 01 00 99 02D0 81 00 99 97 02 08 00 00 01 01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Ted Beach suggested the addition of the F flag when displaying fuel. Chuck Eaton spotted the cause of an erratic bug in the original keyboard input subroutine. Thanks to both.
87
Do you have or know where to find a recording, a
wave or mp3 of the output of next program?
Please sent it to:
Erik Van den Broeck
Elfde Julilaan 130
B8500 Kortrijk
Belgium
+ 32 56 202142
users.telenet.be/kim1-6502
erik.vdbroeck at telenet.be
JIM BUTTERFIELD
DESCRIPTION
THIS PROGRAM PLAYS ONE OR SEVERAL TUNES VIA THE "AUDIO OUT"
INTERFACE OF KIM-1; USE THE SAME CONNECTION AS THAT FOR
RECORDING ON CASSETTE TAPE. IF YOUR TAPE RECORDER HAS
A "MONITOR" FEATURE, YOU CAN LISTEN TO THE TUNE AS WELL
AS RECORD IT. ALTERNATIVELY, AN AMPLIFIER WILL PLAY THE
SIGNAL THROUGH A SPEAKER.
HOW TO RUN
LOAD THE PROGRAM; LOAD THE TUNE(S) EITHER FROM CASSETTE
TAPE, PAPER TAPE, OR KEYBOARD ENTRY. BE SURE TO STORE
THE VALUE FA AT THE END OF EACH TUNE, AND BEHIND THE LAST
TUNE, STORE: FF 00.
STARTING ADDRESS FOR THE PROGRAM IS 200; ENTER AD 0 2 0 0 GO.
HOW TO WRITE YOUR OWN TUNE(S)
EACH NOTE GOES INTO A BYTE OF STORAGE, STARTING AT LOCATION
0000 OF MEMORY. EACH TUNE SHOULD END WITH THE VALUE FA
WHICH STOPS THE PROGRAM UNTIL GO IS PRESSED.
SPECIAL CODES ARE INCORPORATED IN THE PROGRAM TO ALLOW
CERTAIN EFFECTS - ADJUSTMENT OF SPEED, TONE, ETC.
THE CODES ARE FOLLOWED BY A VALUE WHICH SETS THE
PARTICULAR EFFECT. CODES ARE LISTED BELOW:
CODE EFFECT INITIALLY EXAMPLES
FB SETS SPEED OF TUNE $30 18 IS QUICK; 60 IS SLOW
FC SETS LENGTH OF 02 2 MEANS, "LONG NOTE LASTS
"LONG" NOTES TWICE AS LONG AS SHORT"
FD SETS OCTAVE (PITCH) 01 2 IS BASS; 4 IS DEEP BASS.
FE SETS INSTRUMENT $FF FF IS PIANO; 00 IS CLARINET
FF SETS ADDRESS FOR 00 00 WILL TAKE YOU BACK TO
TUNE FIRST TUNE; LIKE A "JUMP"
FOR EXAMPLE, AT ANY TIME DURING A TUNE, YOU MAY INSERT
THE SEQUENCE FB 18 AND THE TUNE WILL THEN BEGIN TO PLAY
AT FAST SPEED. INSERTING FF 45 WILL CAUSE A SWITCH TO
THE TUNE AT ADDRESS 45. THE INITIAL VALUES SHOWN CAN
BE RESET AT ANY TIME BY STARTING AT ADDRESS 200.
NO TUNE SHOULD EXTEND BEYOND ADDRESS DF, SINCE PROGRAM
VALUES ARE STORED AT E0 AND UP.
THE PROGRAM CAN BE EASILY CONVERTED TO A SUBROUTINE
(BY REPLACING THE BRK INSTRUCTION WITH A RTS). THIS ALLOWS
THE PROGRAMMER TO PLAY VARIOUS "PHRASES" OF MUSIC TO
PRODUCE QUITE COMPLEX TUNES.
88
***** Fixed locations for MUSIC BOX ***** WORK = $E0 LIMIT = $E6 VAL2 = $E9 VAL1 = $EA TIMER = $EB XSAV = $EC SBD = $1742 PBDD = $1743 *= $0200 ; PROGRAM - MUSIC BOX THE LOWEST NOTE YOU CAN PLAY IS A BELOW MIDDLE C. FOR EACH NOTE, YOU CAN SELECT WHETER IT IS PLAYED AS A LONG NOTE OR A SHORT NOTE (NORMALY, A LONG NOTE WILL LAST TWICE AS LONG AS A SHORT NOTE). SOME OF THE NOTES ARE AS FOLLOWS: NOTE SHORT LONG A..................75 75 A# 6E EE B..................68 E8 MIDDLE C 62 E2 C#.................5C DC D 56 D6 D#.................52 D2 E 4D CD F..................48 C8 F# 44 C4 G..................40 C0 G# 3C BC A..................39 B9 A# 35 B5 B..................32 B2 HIGH C 2F AF C#.................2C AC D 29 A9 E..................24 A4 F 22 A2 G..................1E 9E PAUSE 00 80 ; INITIALIZE - RESET WORK PARAMETERS 0200 A2 05 START LDX #5 0202 BD 86 02 LP1 LDA INIT,X 0205 95 E0 STA WORK,X 0207 CA DEX 0208 10 F8 BPL LP1 ; MAIN ROUTINE HERE - WORK NOT RESET 020A A9 BF GO LDA #$BF 020C 8D 43 17 STA PBDD open output channel 020F A0 00 LDY #0 0211 B1 E4 LDA (WORK+4),Y get next note 0213 E6 E4 INC WORK+4 0215 C9 FA CMP #$FA test for halt 0217 D0 04 BNE NEXT 0219 00 BRK (or RTS if used as subroutine) 021A EA NOP 021B F0 ED BEQ GO resume when GO pressed 021D 90 0B NEXT BCC NOTE is it a note? 021F E9 FB SBC #$FB if not, decode instrument 0221 AA TAX and put it into x
89
0222 B1 E4 LDA (WORK+4),Y GET PARAMETER 0224 E6 E4 INC WORK+4 0226 95 E0 STA WORK,X STORE IN WORK TABLE 0228 B0 E0 BCS GO UNCONDITIONAL BRANCH ; SET UP FOR TIMING NOTE 022A A6 E0 NOTE LDX WORK TIMING 022C 86 E7 STX LIMIT+1 022E A6 E1 LDX WORK+1 LONG NOTE FACTOR 0230 A8 TAY TEST ACCUM. 0231 30 02 BMI OVER LONG NOTE? 0233 A2 01 LDX #1 NOPE, SET SHORT NOTE 0235 86 E6 OVER STX LIMIT store length factor 0237 29 7F AND #$7F remove short/long flag 0239 85 E9 STA VAL2 023B F0 02 BEQ HUSH is it a pause 023D 85 EA STA VAL1 no, set pitch 023F A5 E9 HUSH LDA VAL2 get timing and 0241 25 E3 AND WORK+3 bypass if muted 0243 F0 04 BEQ ON 0245 E6 EA INC VAL1 else fade the 0247 C6 E9 DEC VAL2 note 0249 A6 E9 ON LDX VAL2 024B A9 A7 LDA #$A7 024D 20 5D 02 JSR SOUND 0250 30 B8 BMI GO 0252 A6 EA LDX VAL1 0254 A9 27 LDA #$27 0256 20 5D 02 JSR SOUND 0259 30 AF BMI GO 025B 10 E2 BPL HUSH ; SUBROUTINE TO SEND A BIT 025D A4 E2 SOUND LDY WORK+2 octave flag 025F 84 EB STY TIMER 0261 86 EC STX XSAV 0263 E0 00 SLOOP CPX #0 0265 D0 08 BNE CONT 0267 A6 EC LDX XSAV 0269 C6 EB DEC TIMER 026B D0 F6 BNE SLOOP 026D F0 16 BEQ SEX 026F 8D 42 17 CONT STA SBD 0272 CA DEX 0273 C6 E8 DEC LIMIT+2 0275 D0 EC BNE SLOOP 0277 C6 E7 DEC LIMIT+1 0279 D0 E8 BNE SLOOP 027B A4 E0 LDY WORK 027D 84 E7 STY LIMIT+1 027F C6 E6 DEC LIMIT
90
0281 D0 E0 BNE SLOOP 0283 A9 FF LDA #$FF 0285 60 SEX RTS ; INITIAL CONSTANTS 0286 30 02 01 INIT .BYTE $30,2,1 0209 FF 00 00 .BYTE $FF,0,0 SAMPLE MUSIC FOR MUSIC BOX PROGRAM 0000 FB 18 FE FF 44 51 E6 E6 66 5A 51 4C C4 C4 C4 D1 0010 BD BD BD 00 44 BD 00 44 3D 36 33 2D A8 80 80 33 0020 44 B3 80 80 44 51 C4 80 80 5A 51 E6 80 80 FA 0020 FE 0030 00 FB 28 5A 5A 51 48 5A 48 D1 5A 5A 51 48 DA E0 0040 5A 5A 51 48 44 48 51 5A 60 79 6C 60 DA DA FA 0040 FE 0050 FF 5A 5A 5A 5A 5A 5A 66 72 79 E6 E6 80 00 56 56 0060 56 56 56 56 5A 66 F2 80 80 4C 4B 4C 4C 4C 4C 56 0070 5A 56 4C 00 Ch 44 4C 56 5A 5A 56 5A 66 56 6A 66 0080 F2 80 FE 00 00 72 5A CC 72 5A CC 72 5A CC 80 B8 0090 80 4C 56 5A 56 5A E6 F2 80 FA FF 00 NOTE THAT TUNES 1 AND 2 SET BOTHTHE SPEED AND THE INSTRUMENT. TUNE 3 CONTINUES AT THE SAME SPEED AS THE PREVIOUS ONE; BUT THE INSTRUMENT IS CHANGED DURING THE TUNE. THE PROGRAM CAN BE CHANGED TO USE THE SPEAKER SHOWN IN FIGURE 5.1 OF THE KIM MANUAL AS FOLLOWS: BYTE INITIALLY CHANGE TO 020D 43 01 024C A7 FF 0255 27 00 0270 42 00 ***** Extra Datafile for Music Box ***** 0000- FE 00 56 52 AD AF AD AF AD FC 06 AF FC 02 FE FF 0010- 2F 29 26 24 2F 29 AA 32 A9 FC 06 AF FC 02 FE 00 0020- 56 52 AD AF 5D AF AD FC 06 AF FC 02 FE FF 39 40 0030- 44 39 2F AF 29 2F 39 A9 B0 80 FE 00 56 52 AD AF 0040- AD AF 0D FC 06 AF FC 02 FE FF 2F 29 26 24 2F 29 0050- AA 32 A9 AF B0 80 2F 29 24 2F 29 A4 2F 29 2F 24 0060- 2F 29 AA 2F 29 2F 2A 2F 29 AQ 32 A9 AF 80 80 FA 0070- FF 00 Note: be sure to set the break vector 17FE,FF (00,1C)
91
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
Description: Find your way out of the maze. You are the
flashing light in the centre of the display. As you move
up (key 9), down (1), left (4) or right (6), KIM will keep
you in the central display; you'll see the walls of the maze
moving by as you travel. Like walking through a real maze,
you'll only see a small part of the maze as you pass through.
If you can get out, you'll find yourself in a large open
area; that means you've won. Press GO at any time for
a new maze. Program starts at address 0200.
*** TODO listing ***
Lis Ling:
0200 EG DO START INC RND random seed
0202 20 40 iF JSR KEYIN
0205 DO F9 BNE START
0207 A2 07 LDX #7 patch the rnaze
0209 26, DO LP1 ROL RND in 8 places
020B 90 17 1300 NXUP
020D BC OS Os LDY PLACE,X
0210 BD 10 OS LDA POINTl,x
0213 59 DE 02 EOR MAZE,Y
0216 99 DE 02 STA MAZE,Y
0219 CS INY
021A CS INY
021B BD 18 OS LDA POINT2,X
021E 59 DE 02 EOR MAZE,Y
0221 99 DE 02 STA MAZE,Y
0224 CA NXUP DEX
0225 10 E2 BPL LP1
0227 A2 02 LDX #2
0229 DS OLD
022A 30 D4 SLINK BMI START
0220 ED DE 02 SETUP LDA INIT,X
022F 95 D2 STA MZPT,X
0231 CA DEX 3 values from INIT
0232 10 F8 BPL SETUP
pick out specific part of maze
0234 AO 013 MAP LDY #11
0236 Bl D2 GETMOR LDA (MZPT) ,Y 6 rows x 2
0238 99 D8 O0 STA WOPK,Y
023B SR DEY
0230 10 FR BPL GETMOR
shift for vertical position
02SF A2 OA LDX #10 for each of 6 rows
0240 A4 D4 NXDIG LDY POSIT shift Y positions
0242 A9 EF LDA #$FF filling with ~
0244 38 REROL SEC on both sides
0245 36 D9 ROL WORK+1,X
0247 36 DR ROL WORK,X roll 'em
0249 2A ROL A
024A 88 DEY
024B DO F7 SNE REROL
92
*** TODO listing *** calculate segments 024D 29 07 AND #7 024F AS TAY 0250 B9 C6 02 LDA TAB1,Y 3 bits to segment 0253 95 D8 STA WORK,x . stored 0255 CA DEX 0256 CA DEX 0257 10 E7 BPL NXDIG ; test flasher 0259 CE DS LIGHT DEC PLUG time out? 025B 10 OA BPL MUG . no 025D A9 05 LDA #5 yes, reset 02SF 85 D5 STA PLUG 0261 AS DE LDA WORK+6 and.. 0263 49 40 EOR #$40 a a flip.. 0265 85 DE STA WORX+6 . flasher ; light display 0267 A9 7F MUG LDA #$7F open the gate 0269 an 41 17 STA SADD 026C AO Os LDY #$09 026E A2 OA LDX #10 0270 B5 DS SHOW LDA WORK,X tiptoe thru. 0272 SD 40 17 STA SAD . the segments 0275 SC 42 17 STY SBD 0278 CS DS STl DEC STALL a pausing 027A DO FC ENE STT 027C CS INY 027D CS INY 027E CA flEX 027F CA DEX 0280 10 EE BPL SHOW test new key depression 0282 20 40 lF JSR KEYIN set dir reg 0285 20 GA lF JSR GETREY 0288 CS D7 CMP 50K same as last? 028A FO CD BEQ LIGHT 028C 85 D7 STA SOK test which key 028E A2 04 LDX #4 5 items in table 0290 DD CE 02 SCAN CMP TAB2,X 0293 FO OS BEQ FOUND 0295 CA flEX 0296 10 F8 BPL SCAN 0298 30 BC EMI LIGHT 029A CA FOUND flEX 029Th 30 SD BMI SLINK go key? 029D BC D3 02 LDY TAB3,X 02A0 B9 D8 On LDA WORK,Y 02A3 SD D7 02 AND TAB4,X 02A6 DO El EWE LIGHT move 02A8 CA DEX 02A9 10 04 BPL NOTUP O2AE CS D4 DEC POSIT upward move O2AD DO 85 MLINK BNE MAP 1.o.n.g branch
93
*** TODO listing *** O2AF no 04 NOTUP BNE SIDEWY 02B1 ES D4 INC POSIT downward move 0283 DO P8 BNE MLINK 02B5 CA SIDEWY DEX 02136 DO 36 ENE LEFT 02138 C6 D2 RIGHT DEC MZ?T right move 02BA CS D2 DEC MZPT 02DC DO EF BNE MLINK 0213E ES D2 LEFT INC MZPT left move 02C0 ES D2 INC MZPT 02C2 DO ś9 BNE MLINK O2C4 P0 P2 BEQ RIGHT tables follow in Hex format 02C6 TABi 90 OS 40 48 ol 09 41 49 O2CE TAB2 13 O9 Ol OS 94 02D3 TAB3 OS OS 34 Os O2DY TAB4 Ol O8 40 40 02DB INIT DA 02 Os 02DE MAZE FF FF 04 OO P5 7F 15 O0 41 FE 5F 04 51 7D 5D 04 51 BE 54 14 F7 D5 04 54 7F 5ś Cl 90 FD FF 30 O0 00 0O 30 30 CO DO 30 OO 30 30 0308 PLACE 95 013 10 10 14 18 17 10 0310 POINTl Ol 34 80 10 80 32 40 40 0318 POINT2 02 32 40 Cl 10 34 80 10 ; end of program +**** Hex Dump - Multimaze ~ 0200 EC DO 2040 iF DO F9 A2 0726 DO 90 17 BC 0803 0210 BD 100359050299 DE 92 CS CS BO 180359 DE 0220 02 99 DE 32 CA 10 52 A2 32 DS 30 04 BD OB 02 95 0230 02 CA 10 F8 AO OB Bi 02 99 DS 90 88 10 FS A2 OA 0240 A14 D4 A9 FF38 36 OS 36 DS 2A 58 DO F7 29 37 AS 0250 BS CS 02 95 OS CA CA 10 E7 CS OS 10 OA A9 Os 85 0260 OS AS Os 49 40 85 D5 A9 7F SD 141 17 AO 39 A2 OA 0270 BS OS 8040 17 SC 42 17 CS OS DO FC C8 CS CA CA 0280 10 EE 20 40 iF 20 SA iF CS DY F0 CD 85 D7 A2 94 0290 DD CE 02 FO OS CA 10 F8 30 BC CA 30 80 BC 03 92 02A0 B9 0800 3007 32 DO B1 CA 10 014 CS 0400 85 DO 02B0 94 ES 04 DO FS CA DO Os CS 02 CS 02 DO EF 56 02 02C0 ES 02 DO 59 FO F2 90 OS 40 48 91 09 41 49 13 39 0200 91 96 04 Os OS 040801 0840 40 DA 02 OS EF FF 02E0 0400 F5 7F is oo 41 FE SF 94 51 70 SD 94 Si B6 02F0 514 14 F7 Os 34 54 7F 55 91 DO FO FF00 On 00 O0 0300 30 30 90 30 nO 0O O0 00 Os OB 10 10 14 18 17 10 0310 91 64 80 10 50 02 40 140 92 02 40 61 10 04 80 10
94
JIM BUTTERFIELD
Play against tbe computer, or C slam F
change the program for a two-player
game. On each shot, you choose 8 block B
between four plays: Spin, Lob,
Block, or Slam. If you're playing 4 lob 7
the left side of the court, use the
left-hand buttons (0, 4, 8 and C). 0 spin 3
See the diagram at right.
Each shot has its own strengths and weaknesses: for
example, a Slam is a powerful shot, but it's also likely
to be "fluffed". Strategy is not trivial - your chances
of success on any play depend not only on your choice of
shot, but on what shots have gone before. You'll have to
learn the combinations the hard way.
You'll see the net in the middle of the court. Don't try
to play the ball until it is on your side of the net, or
you'll lose the point. Each type of shot has a
distinctive appearance, which you'll learn to recognize.
They are similar to the key positions: a Spin lights the
bottom segment, a Lob lights the middle segment, a Block
lights the upper segment, and the mighty Slam shot lights
all three segments and travels faster.
The original version of the game was published for the
HP-67 calculator in "65 Notes", v4N2P5. Authorship was
not given.
At first, the shots will come too fast for you to cope
with. There are two ways to solve this. The easy way is
the "freeze" the ball by holding down any unused key,
like AD or 7: play will be suspended until you figure
out what you want to do next. The harder way, but not
too hard, is just to slow down the ball by changing the
program: locations 0331 to 0334 contain the speeds for
each type of shot. Increase these values and the ball
will slow down, e.g., 40 40 40 28 will halve the speed.
For a two-player game, where KIM does not play the right
side, change location 032C to 01. To have KIM play the
left side, change location 032B to 00.
KIM plays a strong game, but CAN BE BEATEN!
95
*** TODO listing *** 0200 20 40 iF START JSR KEYIN directional registrs 0203 20 6A iF JSR GETKEY input key 0206 C9 13 CMP #$13 GO key? 0208 DO OA BNE NOGO nope, skip GO key - set up game here 020A A2 08 LDX #8 get 9 020C ED 24 03 SETUP LDA INIT,X . . inital valus 020F 95 80 STA SPEED,X to zero page 0211 CA DEX 0212 10 F8 BPL SETUP test legal keys (0,3,4,7,8,n,C,F) 0214 C9 10 NOGO CMP #$l0 key 0 to F? 0216 50 22 BCS NOKEY no, skip 0218 AA TAX save key in X 0219 29 03 AND #3 test column 0215 FO 04 BEQ KEY col 0 (0,4,8,C)? 021D C9 03 CMP #3 col 3 (3,7,B,F)? 021F DO 19 BNE NOKEY neither - skip 0221 45 85 KEY EOR PLACE check vs ball postn 0223 AB TAY 0224 29 04 AND $4 ball oft screen? 0226 DO 12 SNE NOKEY 0228 BA TXA restore key 0229 45 84 EOR DIRECT ball going away? 022B 29 02 AND #2 022D FO OS SEQ NOKEY yes, ignore key 022F 98 TYA ball position 0230 29 02 AND #2 wrong side of net? 0232 DO 69 BNE POINT yes, lose! legal play found here 0234 8A TXA restore key 0235 4A 4A LSRA LSRA type (0=Spin, etc) 0237 20 Bl 02 JSR SHOT make shot key rtns complete - play ball 023A 20 40 iF NOKEY JSR KEYIN if key still prest.. 023D DO 27 ENE FREEZE freeze ball 023F CE 83 DEC PAUSE 0241 10 23 BPL FREEZE wait til timeout 0243 AS 80 LDA SPEED 0245 85 83 STA PAUSE 0247 18 CLC 0248 AS 85 LDA PLACE move.. 024A 65 84 ADC DIRECT . ball 024C 85 85 STA PLACE 024E 29 04 AND #4 ball still.. 0250 FO 14 SEQ FREEZE in court? ball outside - KIM to play? 0252 AS 85 LDA PLACE 0254 30 04 SMI TESTL ball on left 0256 AS 88 LDA PRITE KIM plays right? 0258 10 02 BPL SKPT unconditional 025A AS 87 TESTL LDA PLEFT KIM plays left? 025C DO 3F SKPT SNE POINT no, lose point
96
*** TODO listing *** KIM plays either side here 025E A6 82 LDX LOG log determines.. 0260 80 39 93 LDA PLAY,X KIM's play 0263 20 Dl 02 JSR SHOT make the shot 0266 AY 7F FREEZE LDA #$7F 0268 SD 41 17 STA PADO open registers light display here 0265 AO 13 LDY #$13 026D A2 91 LDX #1 026F 86 89 STX DIGIT count score digts 0271 A5 86 LDA SCORE 0273 4A 4A LSRA LSRA shift & store.. 0275 4A 4A LSRA LSRA . left player score 0277 85 SA STA ARC 0279 AS 86 LDA SCORE 0278 29 OF AND *$OF . right player score 027D AA TAX 027E SD E7 lF HOOP LDA TABLE,X 0281 20 A4 92 JSR SHOW 0284 A6 SA LDA ARC 0286 CE 89 DEC DIGIT 0288 10 F4 BPL HOOP 028A A2 03 LDX #3 028C SD 2D 93 VUE LDA PIX,X 02SF E4 85 CPX PLACE 0291 DO 02 SNE NOPIX 0293 95 81 ORA SPOT show the ball 0295 20 A4 02 NOPIX JSR SHOW 0298 CA flEX 0299 10 Fl BPL VUE 029B 30 93 DM1 SLINK lose! score & reverse board 029D 20 E9 02 POINT JSR SKORE 02A0 OS SLINK CLO 02A1 4C 90 02 JMP START return to main loop display s\ubroutine 02A4 SD 40 17 SHOW STA SAD 02A7 SC 42 17 STY SSD O2AA CE 85 STALL DEC MOD O2AC DO FC BNE STALL O2AE 88 88 DEY DEY 02B0 60 RTS 0251 AS SHOT TAY save shot in Y 02B2 AG 82 LDX LOG old log in X 0254 96 82 ASL LOG 0286 96 82 ASL LOG 0258 95 82 ORA LOG 025A 29 OF AND *$F update log book O2BC 85 82 STA LOG . last two shots 02BE 38 SEC 02SF A5 80 LDA SPEED 02C1 E5 83 SBC PAUSE invert timing 02C3 85 83 STA PAUSE
97
*** TODO listing *** set speed & display segment(s) 02C5 s9 31 03 LDA SPD,Y 02C8 85 80 STA SPEED O2CA B9 35 03 LDA SEG,Y O2CD 85 81 STA SPOT test play success - random 020F nO 49 03 LDA CHANCE,X odds from log bk 02D2 88 CIT DEY 02D3 30 04 SMI GET 02D5 4A 4A LSRA LSRA 0207 10 F9 BPL SIT unconditional 0209 29 03 GET AND 13 odds 0 to 3.. 02DB OA ASL A now 0 to 6 O2DC 85 8C STA TEMP O2DE AD 04 17 LDA TIMER random number 02E1 29 07 AND 17 now 0 to 7 02E3 CS 8C CMP TEMP 02E5 FO 33 SEQ REVRS success? 02E7 90 31 BCC REVRS success? lose a point & position to serve 02E9 A2 04 SKORE LOX *4 position ball R O2EB AS 84 LDA DIRECT O2ED OA OA ASLA ASLA O2EF OA OA ASLA ASLA 02F1 10 04 BPL OVER 02F3 A2 FF LDX *$FF position ball L 02F5 A9 Ol LDA *1 02F7 86 85 OVER STX PLACE 02F9 18 CLC O2FA 65 86 ADC SCORE O2FC 85 86 STA SCORE O2FE AO 00 LDY 10 end game, kill ball 0300 AA TLP TAX 0301 29 OF AND *$F get one score 0303 C9 OS CMP j$ll 11 points? 0305 DO 02 SNE SKI 0307 84 84 STY DIRECT kill ball 0309 BA SKI TXA 030A 4A 4A LSRA LSRA 030C 4A 4A LSRA LSRA 030E DO FO SNE TLP set serve - speed, spot, log, pause 0310 A2 03 LDX *3 0312 SD 24 03 SRV LDA INIT,X 0315 95 80 STA SPEED,X 0317 CA DEX 0318 10 P8 SPL SERVE reverse ball direction 031A AS 84 REVRS LDA DIRECT 031C 18 CLC 0310 49 FF EOR ~$FF 031F 69 Ol ADC #1 0321 85 84 STA DIRECT 0323 60 RTS
98
*** TODO listing *** tables - in Hexadeclual format 0324 INIT 30 08 OO 80 Ol FF OO Ol OD 032D PIX 00 06 30 O0 0331 SPD 20 20 20 14 0335 SEC 08 40 Ol 49 0339 PLAY 02 02 Ol 02 Ol 03 Ol 02 03 03 O0 02 00 OO 02 02 0349 CHANCE 78 85 9E 76 6E Al AE 75 AA ES 8F 75 5B 56 7A 35 0359 end Zero Page: 80: SPEED - speed ball travels 81: SPOT - segment(s) ball lights 82: LOG - record of recent plays 83: PAUSE - delay before ball moves 84: DIRECT - direction of ball 85: PLACE - position of ball 86: SCORE 87: PLEFT - 0 for KIM to play left 88: PRITE - 0 for KIM to play right ~ Hex Dump - Ping ********* 0200 20 40 iF 20 GA iF Cs 13 DO OA ~ Os 892403 95 0210 50 CA 10 ES CS 10 80 22 AA 29 03 FO Ott CS 03 DO 0220 19 45 85 AS 29 Ok DO 12 SA 45 84 29 02 FO 0898 023029029069 SA 4A 4A 20 Si 022040 iF DO 27 CS 0240 83 10 23 AS 50 85 83 18 AS 85 65 84 55 85 29 Ott 0250 FO 14 AS 85 30 04 AS 88 10 02 AS 87 DO 3F AS 82 0260 SD 3903208102 AS 7F SD 41 17 AO 13 A2 0186 0270 89 AS 86 4A 4A4A4A 85 SAAS 8629 OF AA SD E7 0280 iF 20 A4 02 AS SA Ce 89 10 E4 A2 OS 892903 54 0290 85 DO 02 OS 51 20 Ak 02 CA 10 Fl 30 OS 20 ES 0? 02A0 98 4C O0 02 8940 17 SC 42 17 C6 SB DO EC 88 88 0280 50 AS AS 82 OS 82 06 82 OS 82 29 OF 55 82 38 AS 02C0 SO ES 838583893103858089 3503858189 02904903883004 4A4A 10 F9 2903 OA 85 SC AD Ott 0250 1729 07 CS SC FO 33 50 31 ~ Ott AS 84 OA OA OA 02F0 OA 10 Ok A? FE A9 ol 86 85 1865 86 85 86 AO OS 0300 AA 29 OF C9 0890 02 84 84 8A 4A 4A 4A 4A DO FO 0310 A2 03 89 24 OS 95 80 CA 10 ES AS 84 18 49 FE 69 0320 Ol 85 84 60 30 CO DO 80 Ol FE O0 51 O0 00 OS 30 0330 OO 20 20 20 14 OS 40 Ol 49 52 02 Ol 02 Ol OS Ol 0340 02 53 03 50 52 O0 50 02 52 785595 76 65 Al As 0350 75 AA ES SF 75 58 55 7A 35
99
By Peter Jennings
Modified by Jim Butterfield
Description -
Here's a program to test your speed of reaction. Press
"GO" and the display will blank for a random period of time.
wben it lights, hit any numbered button. The number on the
display will tell you how quick you were; the smaller the
number, the faster your reaction time. You may play repeatedly,
just press "GO" each time you want a new test.
0300 A5 F9 START LDA INH RANDOMIZE DELAY
0302 2A ROL A ..BY MULTIPLYING
0303 65 F9 ADC INH BY 3 AND
0305 29 7F AND #$7F MASKING
0307 85 FB STA POINTH WORK IN DISPLAY AREA
0309 20 40 1F ZIP JSR KEYIN IF YOU CHEAT BY KEYING...
030C D0 fb BNE ZIP PROGRAM WAITS YOU OUT
030E E6 FA INC POINTL
0310 D0 F7 BNE ZIP COUNT DOWN FOR
0312 E6 FB INC POINTH RANDOM DELAY
0314 D0 F3 BNE ZIP
0316 85 F9 STA INH SET TO ZERO
0318 A2 FD RUN LDX #$FD NEGATIVE THREE
031A F8 SED COUNT IN DECIMAL
031B 38 SEC ADD VALUE 1
031C B5 FC DIGIT LDA POINTH+1,X
031E 69 00 ADC #$00 ADD IT IN
0320 95 FC STA POINTH+1,X
0322 E8 INX MOVE ON TO NEXT DIGITS
0323 D0 F7 BNE DIGIT
0325 D8 CLD
0326 20 1F 1F JSR SCANDS LIGHT UP COUNT
0329 F0 ED BEQ RUN AND KEEP COUNTING
032B 20 1F 1F STAND JSR SCANDS
032E 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY
0331 C9 13 CMP #$13 GO KEY DEPRESSED?
0333 D0 F6 BNE STAND NOPE, HOLD IT
0335 F0 C9 BEQ START YUP, START OVER
***** Hex Dump - Quick *****
0300- A5 F9 2A 65 F9 29 7F 85 FB 20 40 1F D0 FB E6 FA
0310- D0 F7 E6 FB D0 F3 85 F9 A2 FD F8 38 B5 FC 69 00
0320- 95 FC E8 D0 F7 D8 20 1F 1F F0 ED 20 1F 1F 20 6A
0330- 1F C9 13 D0 F6 F0 C9
100
By Jim Butterfield
Start at 0200 - the display will show a canbination of 6 letters
such as CDBAEF. Hit a number from 2 to six to 'flip' letters.
For example, if you hit 2 with the previous example, the first
two letters will flip over to give DCBAEF. Now if you hit 4,
you'll get the winning combination - ABCDEF - and the display
will signal your win with a line of dashes.
The computer won't limit your number of flips - but try to
get a win in 6 moves or less, By the way, the computer forbids
doing the same flip twice in succession - so you can't back up a
move.
0200 E6 16 START INC RND+4 randomize
0202 20 40 1F JSR KEYIN **Game by Bob Albrecht -
0205 D0 F9 BNE START People's Computer Co **
0207 D8 CLD
0208 A2 05 LDX #5
020A A9 00 LDA #0
020C 86 10 STX POINTH
020E 95 18 ZLOOP STA WINDOW,X set window to zeros
0210 CA DEX
0211 10 FB BPL ZL00P
0213 38 RAND SEC
0214 A5 13 LDA RND+1 hash in new random number
0216 65 16 ADC RND+4
0218 65 17 ADC RND+5
02lA 85 12 STA RND
021C A2 04 LDX #4
021E B5 12 RLP LDA RND,X move random string down one
0220 95 13 STA RND+1,X
0222 CA DEX
0223 10 F9 BPL RLP
0225 AC C0 LDY #$C0 divide random 4 by 6
0227 84 11 STY MOD
0229 A0 06 LDY #6
022B C5 11 SET CMP MOD
022D 90 02 BCC PASS
022F E5 11 SBC MOD
0231 46 11 PASS LSR MOD
0233 88 DEY
0234 D0 F5 BNE SET
0236 AA TAX
0237 A4 10 LDY POINTR
0239 39 F1 1F LDA TABLE+10,Y digits A to F
023C CA TOP DEX
023D 10 02 BPL TRY find an empty window
023F A2 05 LDX #5
0241 B4 18 TRY LDY WINDOW,X
0243 D0 F7 BNE TOP
0245 95 18 STA WINDOW,X and put the digit in
0247 C6 10 DEC POINTR
0249 10 C8 BPL RAND
101
*** TODO listing *** 0245 FO B, SLI~K FEQ START link to start 024n A2 OS WT~T 'nx #5 test 024$ B5 18 TEST2 IDA WItWT,X ijin 0251 DD A6 O2 C~IP WIIiNEfl.X condition 0254 DO Oc BNE IIAY 0256 CA DEl 025? 10 F6 Bit TEST2 0259 AZ OS inx #5 025B A9 40 IDA #$~$o set 02SD 95 18 SET STA WINDO~4,X to 029 CA flEx 0260 10 FB sFL SET 0262 A9 ?F PLAY IDA #$7F directional o264 &) 41 17 STA SALD registers 0267 AC 09 'DY #$09 0269 AZ FA LEX #~A negative 5 026B B5 IF SHOW Li)A w'NDOW,X light 026D SD 40 17 STA SAD display 0270 ec 42 17 STY SEC 0273 c6 11 STi DEC 241) 0275 DC FC NCE STl 027? Cs irrc 0278 CS Ira 0279 ES INK 02?A 30 ~ B:ś SHOW 027C 20 40 JSR KWThN 02?F 20 &L JSR oô"'śKE~ 0282 C9 15 CY&i~ 4, S. is etc key? 0284F0 Cs BEQ. SLfl~ yes, restart 0286 C9 0? CM? 'Ly Keys C to 6i 0288 50 C3 IrS WrEST no, test win C2SA AA TAX Keys 1 to 6? 028n FO Vs REQ PLAY no, exit 028P CA VEX Keys 2 to 6 (=1 to 5)? 02SF FO D2 BEQ PLAY no, exit 0290 EU 10 CEx POINTR Same key as before? 0292 FO CE iśQ rIAT yes1 ignore 0294 86 10 STX FCLNTR no, we've got a live one o296 B5 18 TOPi LDA ~flNDOW.X 029$ 48 PHA roll 1em out..1 0299 CA VEX 029A 10 FA BPL TOri 029C A6 10 'DX POINTR 029E 68 TO?2 ThA roll 'em back in 029F 95 18 Sm w'NDCM,X OZAl CA VEX 0242 10 FA BPL TO?2 0ZA4 50 BC EMI PLAY oZA6 F? FC 139 WINNER BYTE sF7,SFC,$39,~E,$F9,~l 0ZA9 DE F9 Fl end
102
By Lew Edwards
Description -
This program is an adaptation of the "Shooting Stars"
game utilizing the keyboard and display of the KIM-1.
originally published in the Sept. '74 issue of PCC, a
version also appeared in the May '76 issue of Byte magazine.
The starfield is displayed on the horizontal segments
of the second through fourth digits of the display. The
segments represent stars when lit and are numbered as follows
Shooting a star creates a hole where the star 7 8 9
was. The resulting "explosion" changes the 4 5 6
condition of certain adjacent stars or holes, 1 2 3
(stars to holes, or holes to stars) according to the following:
The game starts with a star in position 5; the rest
are holes. The object of the game is to reverse the initial
condition, making 5 a hole and all the rest stars. Eleven
moves are the minimum number.
Should you attempt to "shoot" a hole, the first digit
displays a "H" until a star key is pressed. This digit
also displays a valid number selection. A count of valid
moves is given at the right of the display. A win gives
a "F" in the first digit. All holes is a losing situation,
("L" in the first digit). You may start over at any time
by pressing the "Go" button. The program starts at 0200.
*** TODO listing ***
0200 A9 00 BEGN LDA itsoo ZERO REGISTERS DO-DA
0202 A2 10 LDX *$io
020ó 95 CF CLOP STA OOCF,X
0205 CA DEX
0207 DO ES SNE CLOP
0209 A9 140 LDA #t$40 INITIALIZE DISPLAY...
0205 85 D14 STA OODR
020D A9 10 LDA #$io INIT. STARFIELD
020F 85 DE STA OODE REGISTERS
0211 kA LSR
0212 85 DE STA OODF
02114 20 DD 02 MLOP JSR DISP DISPLAY..
0217 AS D3 LDX 00D3 rtDE?
0219 DO 50 BNE DELA NODEZi, DELAY AND UPDATE
0215 20 140 iF JSR 1E140 MODEZO, GET KEY
021E FO E4 SEQ MLOP NO KEY, RETURN
0220 20 140 iF JSR lEkO KEY ST[LL PRESSED?
0223 FO EF SEQ MLOP NO, RETURN
0225 20 BA iF JSR GETKEY YES, GET KEY
0228 C9 13 CMP #$43 "co' KEY?
022A FO D14 SEQ BEGN YES, START AGAIN
022C C9 OA CMP tt$OA OVER 9?
022E 10 E14 BPL NLOP YES, TRY AGAIN
0230 A8 TAY USE AS INDEX
103
*** TODO listing *** o~ FO El BEQ MLOP 0? - iCT VALID 0253 85 Dl STA DODA ~-9 STORE IT 0235 20 ff4 02 JSR SEG CONVERT TO SEGMENTS 0238 85 DO STA OODO DISPLAY - LEFT DIGIT 023A 89 CA 02 LDA O2CA,Y GET STAR TEST BIT 0230 Co DC CMP ~So6 TEST KEY # 023F 50 De OMI SKIP 1-5, SKIP 0241 24 DF BIT 00DF 6-9, TEST HI FIELD 0243 DO DC ONE STAR IT'S A STAR 0245 ff0 04 BEQ HOLE ITtS A HOLE 0247 24 DE SKIP BIT ODDE 1 TO 5, TEST LO FIELD 0249 DO OS ONE STAR ITtS A STAR 024B AS 76 HOLE LOA #S76 IT'S A HOLE LOAD "H'1 0240 85 DO STA ODDO DISPLAY-LEFT DIGIT 024ff DO C3 BNE MLOP UNCOND. JUMP 0251 ff8 STAR SED UPDATE COUNT 0252 38 SEC 0253 A9 DO LDA #Soo 0255 65 D5 ADC GODS BY ADDING ONE 0257 85 DS STA ODDS STORE IT 0259 D8 CLO 025A 20 F4 02 JSR SEG UNPACK, CONVERT 0250 85 DA STA ODDA TO SEGMENTS AND 02SF AS D5 LDA ODDS DISPLAY IN DIGITS 0261 20 FO 02 JSR LEFT S AND 6... 0264 85 D8 STA DODS 0266 EC 03 INC 0003 SET MODE TO 1 0268 4C 14 02 JMP MLOP MAIN LOOP AGAIN 0260 AD DO DELA LDY #$OO MODE = 1 026D 20 DD 02 JSR 01SF DELAY ABOUT .8 SEC 0270 88 DEY WHILE DISPLAYING 0271 DO FA ONE DELA 0273 AS Dl LDX OOD1 KEY ~ AS INDEX 0275 BD 03 02 LDA 0203, X GET SHOT PATTERN 0278 AS TAY SAVE TN Y REGISTER 0279 ED 06 CPX #$06 KEY ti OVER S? 0278 30 08 BMI LOWF NO, GO TO LOW FIELD 0270 45 DF EOR ODOF UPDATE HI FIELD, 6-9 027ff 85 OF STA 000ff 0281 98 TYA RECALL PATTERN, 6-9 0282 A0 Do LOY ~$OD NO SHOT 3RD TIME 0284 DA ASL A ALIGN WITH LO FIELD 0285 45 DE LOWE EOR DODE UPDATE LO FIELD 0287 85 DE STA DODE 0289 98 TYA RECALL PATTERN, 1-5 028A 4A LSR A ALIGN WITH HI FIELD 0280 45 OF EOR DOOF UPDATE HI FIELD, I-S 0280 85 0ff STA OODF (BLANK SHOT IF 6-9) 02SF OA ASL A SHIFT 9 TO CARRY 0290 A5 DE LOA DODE GET REST OF FIELD 0292 A2 OS LOX #SD6 .. STAR DISPLAY...
104
*** TODO listing *** 0294 2A DLOP ROL ALIGN wrm DISPLAY 0295 48 PHA SAVE IT FOR NEXT TIME 0296 29 49 AND ~$49 MASK TO HORIZ. SEGS 0298 95 DO STA OODO,X INTO DISPLAY WINDOW 029A 68 PLA RECALL FIELD 0290 CA DEX SHIFT To NEXT 029C CA DEX DISPLAY DIGIT 029D DO Es ONE DLOP REPEAT TILL DONE 029F 2A ROL BIT FOR 5 TO CARRY 02A0 BO OE BCS MODE 5 IS STAR, CONTINUE 02~ FO OS BEQ LOSE 5 IS HOLE, ALL HOLES 02A4 C9 FE CMP ~$FF ALL THE REST STARS? 02A6 DO OS BNE MODE NO 02A8 A9 71 LDA it$71 YES, LOAD nEll 02AA DO OS ONE FRST AND SKIP O2AC A9 38 LOSE LDA #S38 LOAD ~ILt~, CLOSE) 02AE DO 04 ONE FRST AND SKIP 0200 CC D3 MODE DEC 00D3 SET MODE TO 0 0202 A9 OC LDA #$oo BLANK FIRST DIGIT 0204 85 DO FRST STA ODDO FILL FIRST DIGIT 0206 DO 03 ONE NONE END OF GAME 0208 4C 14 02 MP MLOP MAIN LOOP AGAIN O2BB 20 DD 02 DONE JSR DISP DISPLAY UNTTL 020E 20 40 iF JSR lEkO tt00TI KEY IS 02C1 20 GA iF JSR GETKEY PUSHED 02C4 CS 13 CMP ~$13 02C6 DO F3 ONE DONE O2CS 4C OO 02 JMP BEON START A NEW GAME 02CR 0102 04081010 20 40 8010 07 3649 BA 92 CC 02DB EO 98 DISPLAY SUBROUTINE 0299 AS 7E DISP LDA 4!$7F TURN ON DISPLAY O2DF 8D 4] 17 STA 1741 02E2 A2 09 LDX #$09 02E4 OS C7 MORE LDA 00C7,X PUT IN SEGMENTS 02E6 84 EC STY OOFC SAVE Y 02E8 20 4E iF JSR IF4E DISPLAY THEM O2EB EO 15 CPX #Sis DONE? 6 TIMES O2ED DO ES ONE MORE NO, LOOP O2EF 60 RTS YES, RETURN HEX CONVERSION SUBROUTINE 02F0 4A LEFT LSR A 02F1 4A LSR A 02F2 4A LSR A 02F3 4A LSR A 02F4 29 OF SEC AND #$OF MASK TO 4 BITS 02F6 AS TAY USE AS INDEX 02F2 89 E7 iF LDA iFE7,Y CONVERT TO SEGMENTS O2FA 60 RTS RETURN
105
By Joel Swank
Description -
TIMER turns KIM into a digital stopwatch showing up to
99 minutes and 59.99 seconds. It is designed to be accurate
to 50 microseconds per second. The interval timer is used
to count 9984 cycles and the instructions between the time
out and the reset of the timer make up the other 16 cycles
in .01 seconds. The keyboard is used to control the routine
as follows: Stop (0), Go (1), Return to KIM {4) , Reset (2).
0200 A9 00 BEGN LDA #$00
0202 85 F9 STA INH ZERO DISPLAY
0204 85 FA STA POINTL
0206 85 FB STA POINTH
0208 20 1F 1F HOLD JSR SCANDS LIGHT DISPLAY
020B 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY
020E C9 04 CMP #$04 KEY 4?
0210 D0 03 BNE CONT
0212 4C 64 1C JMP 1C64 RETURN TO KIM
0215 C9 02 CONT CMP #$02 KEY 2?
0217 FF E7 BEQ BEGN BACK TO ZERO
0219 C9 0l CMP #$01 KEY 1?
021B D0 EB BNE HOLD
021D A9 9C LDA #$9C
021F 8D 06 17 STA 1706 SET TIMER
0222 20 1F 1F DISP JSR SCANDS DISPLAY VALUE
0225 AD 07 17 CLCK LDA 1707 CHECK TIMER
0228 F0 FB BEQ CLCK
022A 8D 00 1C STA ROM DELAY 4 MrCROSEC.
022D A9 9C LDA #$9C SET TIMER
022F 8D 06 17 STA 1706
0232 18 CLC
0233 F8 SED SET FLAGS
0234 A5 F9 LDA INH
0236 69 0l ADC #$0l rNC. lOOThS
0238 85 F9 STA INH
023A A5 FA LDA POINTL
023C 69 00 ADC #$00 INC. SECONDS
023E 85 FA STA POINTL
0240 C9 60 CMP #$60 STOP AT 60
0242 D0 0B BNE CKEY
0244 A9 00 LDA #$00
0246 85 FA STA POINTL ZERO SECONDS
0248 A5 FB LDA POINTH
024A 18 CLC
024B 69 0l ADC #$01 INC. MINUTES
024D 85 FB STA POINTH
024f D8 CKEY CLO
0250 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY READ KEYBOARD
0253 C9 00 CMP #$00 KEY 0?
0255 D0 CB BNE DISP
0257 F0 AF BEQ HOLD STOP
106
By Stan Ockers
Description -
Wumpus lives in a cave of 16 rooms, (labeled 0-F).
Each room has four tunnels leading to other rooms, (see
the figure) When the program is started at 0305, you and
Wumpus are placed at random in the rooms. Also placed
at random are two bottomless pits (they don't bother Wumpus,
he has sucker-type feet) and two rooms with Superbats,
(also no trouble to Wumpus, He's too heavy). If you enter
a batts room you are picked up and flown at random to
another room. You will be warned when bats, pits or Wumpus
are nearby If you enter the room with Wumpus, he wakes
and either moves to an adjacent room or just eats you up
(YOU lose) In order to capture Wumpus, you have three
cans of "mood change" gas. When thrown into a room
containing Wumpus, the gas causes him to turn from a vicious
snarling beast into a meek and loveable creature. He will
even come out and give you a hug. Beware though, once you
toss a can of gas in the room, it is contaminated and you
cannot enter or the gas will turn you into a beast (you lose).
If you lose and want everything to stay the same for
another try, start at 0316. The byte at 0229 controls the
speed of the display. Once you get use to the characters,
you can speed things up by putting in a lower number. The
message normally given tells you what room you are in and
what the choices are for the next room. In order to fire
the mood gas, press PC (pitch can?), when the rooms to be
selected are displayed. Then indicate the room into which
you want to pitch the can. It takes a fresh can to get
Wumpus (he may move into a room already gassed) and he will
hear you and change rooms whenever a can is tossed (unless
you get him). Good hunting!
The program is adapted from a game by Gregory Yob
which appears in The Best of Creative Computing.
107
*** TODO listing *** 0305 AS FE LDA #$FE INITIALIZATION... 0307 M OF LDX #$OE . .CLE*I OUT ROOMS.. 0309 95 Cl INIT STA OOC1,X INIT. TO FF 0308 CA DEX FINISHED? 030C 10 FE BPL INIT No 0305 AS 03 LDA #$03 GIVE THREE CANS OF GAS 0310 85 50 STA OOEO 0312 AO Os LDY #$os . RANDOMIZE... 0314 10 02 BPL GETh YOU1WUMPUS,PITS AND BATS 0316 AO 90 LDY #$oo (ONLY YOU ENTRY) 0318 A2 95 GETN LDX ffS05 031A 20 72 02 JSR RAND 031D 29 OF AND #$OF 031F DS CA CKNO CMP QOCA, X . MAKING SURE ALL 0321 EQ ES BEQ GETN ARE DIFFERENT.. 0323 CA flEX 0324 10 ES BPL CKNO 0326 99 CA 90 STA OOCA,Y STORE IN OOCA-OOCF 0329 88 DEY 032A 10 SC BPL GETN 032C 20 B2 02 ADJR JSR NXTR SET UP ADJACENT ROOM LIST 032F AO OS LOY #$03 RAZARDS IN ADJ. ROOMS? 0331 81+ El STY 0O~ 0333 BS Ce QO NXTR LDA 00C5,Y 0336 20 8E 92 JSR COMP COMPARE EACH TO HAZARDS 0339 8A TXA (X CONTAINS MATCH INFO.) 033A 30 17 BMI NOMA NO MATCH, NO HAZARDS 033C EQ 03 CPX #$os BATS? 0335 30 01+ BMI SKP1 NO 0340 A9 ~9 LDA .41S19 (BATS NEARBY MESSAGE) 031+2 AO QA BPL MESS 0344 50 Ol SKPI CPX it$0l PIT? 0346 30 Ok SMI SKP2 NO 0348 A9 OS LDA ~$0E (PIT CLOSE MESSAGE) 034A 10 02 BPL MESS 034C A9 O0 SKP2 LDA *$00 MUST BE WUMPUS 031+5 AO Ol MESS LDY ~$01 (PAGE ONE) 0350 20 00 02 j5p SCAN DISPLAY HAZARD MESSAGE 0353 CS El NOMA DEC 0051 TRY NEXT AW. ROOM 0355 A4 El LDY 0051 FINISHED? 0357 10 DA BPL NXTR NO 0359 A4 CA LOY QOCA LOAD AND DISPLAY - 0358 89 57 iF LDA 1FE7,Y ?~YOU ARE IN ... TUNNELS OSSE 85 OC STA OOOC LEAD TO ...." MESSAGE.. 0260 '\2 03 LDX #$03 (FOUR NEXT ROOMS) 0362 81+ CS XRO LDY 00C6,X 0364 B9 57 iF LDA 1E57,Y CONVERSION 0367 95 20 STA 0020,X PUT IN MESSAGE 0369 CA DEX FINISHED? 036A 10 ES BPL XRO NO 0~6C AO 90 ROOM LDY #Soo LOCATION AND.. 0365 98 TYA PAGE OF MESSAGE 03SF 20 00 92 JSR SCAN DISPLAY MESSAGE
108
*** TODO listing *** 0372 20 58 02 JSR DEBO DEBOt?lCE KEY 0375 C9 14 CMP *$i4 PC PUSHED? 0377 FO 48 SEQ ROOM YES 0379 20 CS 02 JSR VALID AN ACUACENT ROOM? 037C 85 CA STA OOCA UPDATE YOUR ROOM 037E BA TXA 037F 30 EB SMI ROOMS IF X=FF, NOT VALID ROOM 0381 AS CA LDA OOCA CHECK FOR GAS JN ROOM 0383 A2 04 LDX #$04 5 POSSIBLE CEXPANSION) 0385 95 Cl NXTG CMP OOCI,x 0387 FO 33 SEQ GASH GASSED!! 0389 CA DEX ALL CHECKED? 038A 10 F9 SPL NXTG NO 038C 20 SF 02 JSR COMP CHECK YOUR NEW 03SF BA TXA ROOM FOR HAZARDS. 0390 30 9A SMI ADJR NO MATCH, NO HAZARDS 0392 EO 03 CPX #$03 0394 10 17 BPL BATh BATS 0396 EO Ol CPX #$Oi 0398 10 iD SPL PITH PIT!!! OSSA AO oc LDY #t$00 039C Ag 26 LDA #$26 MUST HAVE BUMPED WUMPUS 039E 20 00 02 JSR SCAN DISPLAY MESSAGE 03A1 20 99 02 LJSR MOVE . SEE IF HE MOVES.. 03A4 CS CA CMP OOCA STILL IN YOUR ROOM? 03A6 DO 84 SNE ADJR NO, YOUrRE O.K. 03A8 AS 26 LDA #S26 HE GOT YOU! 03AA 4C CF 02 JMP LOSE O3AD AO Ol BATH LDY #$oi SAT MESSAGE O3AF AS 3D LDA #$3D 0381 20 00 02 JSR SCAN O3S~ 4C 16 93 JMP CHNG CHANGE YOUR ROOM 03B7 A9 4F PITH LDA ~$4F FELL rN PIT! 0359 4C CF 92 JSR LOSE O3BC AS 65 GASM LDA it$GS GAS IN ROOM! 035E L+C CF 92 JMP LOSE 03C1 AO 90 ROOM LDY it$00 PITCH CAN AND SEE.. 03C3 AS 87 LDA #SB7 IF YOU GET HIM 03C5 20 00 92 JSR SCAN ROOM? 03C8 20 58 92 JSR DEBO 03C8 20 CS 92 JSR VALID VALID ROOM? O3CE 85 Dl STA OOD1 03D0 SA TXA 03D1 30 EE SHI ROOM IF XZFF, NOT VALID 03D3 A5 Dl LDA OOD1 O3DS AS EO LDX OOEO CANS OF GAS LEFT 03D7 95 CO STA OOCO,X . IS WUMPUS IN 03D9 CS CS CMP 00C8 ROOM GASSED? 03DS FO 15 SEQ WIN YES, YOU GOT HIM O3DD CS EO DEC OOEO DECREASE CAN COUNT O3DF FO IA BEQ OUT GAS IS GONE OSEl AG CS LDX OOCS MOVE WUMPUS TO AN 03E3 20 Bk 92 JSR NEXT ADJACENT ROOM (FOR HIM) OSES 20 AS 02 JSR MOVE
109
*** TODO listing *** 03E9 C5 CA CMP OCCA DID HE rcw INTO YOUR ROOM? 0~Es FO SB BEQ 03A8 YES 0350 4C CE 02 JMP O2DE DISPLAY CANS LEFT MESSAGE 03F2 AO Ol LDY #Soi GREATS ETC. MESSAGE 03F4 A9 80 LDA ~$80 03F6 20 Co 32 JSR SCAN 03F9 FO F7 SEQ WIN REPEAT O3FB AS 73 OUT LDA 4$$73 OUT OF GAS! O3FD 4C CF 02 JMP LOSE 0200 8~ DE STY CODE TRANSFER POINTER HIGH 0202 85 DD STA OODD TRANSFER POINTER LOW 0204 AY 07 LDA it$07 INIT. SCAN FORWARD 0206 85 DF STA OCOF 0208 AO Os LOY #$05 IN~T Y 020A A2 35 CONT LOX #$os INIT X 020C Si OD CHAR LCA (OODD),Y GET CHARACTER 020E C9 00 CMP ~$00 LAST CHARACTER? 0210 DO Cl SNE MORE IF NOT, CONTINUE 02.12 60 RTS 0213 95 58 STA 00E8,X STORE IT 0215 88 MORE DEY SET UP NEXT CHARACTER 0216 CA DEX SET UP NEXT STORE LOC. 0217 10 F3 BPL CHAR LOOP IF NOT 6TH CHAR. 0219 OS CLD BINARY MODE 021A ~8 CLC PREPARE TO ADD 0218 98 TYA GET CHAR. POINTER 021C 65 CF ACC OODF UPDATE FOR 6 NEW CHAR. 021E 85 DC STA OODC SAVE NEW mINTER 0220 20 28 02 JSR 0228 DELAY-DISPLAY 0223 A4 DC LDY OODC RESTORE POINTER 0225 4C 0A 62 JMP CONT CONTINUE REST OF MESSAGE DELAY DISPLAY SUBROUTINE 0228 A2 CA LOX #$CA SET RATE 022A 86 OB STX 00DB PUT IN 05CR. LOC. 022C A9 52 TIME LDA #$52 LOAD TIMER 022E 80 37 17 STA 1707 START TIMER 0231 20 35 32 JSR CISP JUMP TO DISPLAY SUBR. 0234 2C 67 17 BIT 1707 TIMER DONE? 0237 10 FS BPL LITE IF NOT, LOOP 0239 C6 OB DEC 00DB DECREMENT TIMER 0238 CO EF SNE TIME NOT FINISHED 0230 60 RTS GET 6 NEW CHAR. BASIC DISPLAY SUBROUTINE cc': 0235 A9 7F LDA #S7F CHANGE SEGMENTS.. 0240 SD 1+1 17 STA PADO TO OUTPUT 0243 AO Co LDY #$oo INIT. RECALL INDEX 0245 A2 09 LOX #$09 INIT. DIGIT NUMBER 0247 89 58 60 SIX LDA 00E8,Y GET CHARACTER 024A 84 FC STY OOFC SAVE Y 024C 20 45 iF JSR 1F4E DISPLAY CHARACTER
110
*** TODO listing *** 024F CS INY SET UP FOR NEXT CHAR. 0250 Co 06 CPY ~$06 6 CHAR. DISPLAYED? 0252 90 F3 BCC SIX NO 0254 20 SD IF JSR 1F3D KEY DOWN? 0257 60 RTS EXIT DEBOIX4CE SUBROUTINE 0258 20 Sc IE DEBO JSR INITI 0256 20 3E 02 JSR DISP WAIT FOR PREVIOUS KEY 025E DO F8 SNE DEBO TO BE RELEASED 0260 20 SE 02 SHOW JSR DISP WAIT FOR NEW KEY TO 0263 FO FB SEQ SHOW BE DEPRESSED 0265 20 SE 02 JSR DISP CHECK AGAIN AFTER 0268 FO FS BEQ SHOW SLIGHT DELAY 026A 20 SA IF JSR GETKEY GET A KEY 026D C9 15 CMP #$15 A VALID KEY? 02SF 10 E7 BPL DEBO NO 0271 60 RTS RANDOM NUMBER SUBROUTINE 0272 8A RAND TXA SAVE X REGISTER 0273 48 PHA 0274 D8 Cm RANDOM it ROUTINE FROM 0275 38 SEC J. BUTTERFIELD, KIM 0276 AS 41 LDA 0041 USER NOTES tt1 PAGE 4 0278 65 44 ADC 0044 027A 65 45 ADC 0045 027C 85 40 STA 0040 027E A2 04 LDX ~$04 0280 85 40 NXTN LDA 0040,X 0282 95 ~ STA 0041,X 0284 CA DEX 0285 10 FY BPL NXTh 0287 85 CO STA OOCO 0289 68 PLA RETURN X REGISTER 028A AA TAX 0288 AS CO mA OOCO 028D 60 RTS COMPARE SUBROUTINE 02SF A2 04 COMP mx A$04 COMPARE RO~ IN ACC. 0291 D5 CB HAZD CMP OOCB,X WITH EACH HAZARD. 0293 FO OS BEQ OUT 0295 CA DEX 0296 10 F9 BPL HAZD X ON EXIT SHOWS MATCH 0298 60 OUT RTS MOVE WUMPUS SUBROUTINE 0299 20 72 02 MOVE JSR RAND GET A RANDOM it 029C 29 OF AND #t$OF STRIP TO HEX DIGIT 029E C9 CY CMP A$04 CHANGE RooMS 75% 02A0 30 OD BMI NOCH OF THE TIME 02PQ 20 B2 02 JSR NEXT GET ADJ. ROOMS (TO WUMPUS) 02A5 AD Os 17 LDA 1706 GET RANDOM it, 0-3 02A8 29 OS AND i$03 02M AA TAX USE AS INDEX 02A8 BS CS LDA 00C6,X GET AN ADd. ROOM 02AD 85 CB STA OOCB PUT WUMPUS IN IT
111
02AF A5 CB NOCK LDA 00CB WUMPUS ROOM N ACC. 02B1 60 RTS **** LOAD NEXT ROOMS SUBROUTINE **** 02B2 A6 CA LDX 00CA YOUR ROOM AS INDEX 02B4 B5 50 LDA 0050,X ... NEXT ROOMS ARE LOADED 02B6 85 C6 STA 00C6 INTO 00C6-00C9 FROM 02B8 B5 60 LDA 0060,X TABLES ... 02BA 85 C7 STA 00C7 02BC B5 70 LDA 0070/X 02BE 85 C8 STA 00C8 02C0 B5 80 LDA 0080,X 02C2 85 C9 STA 00C9 02C4 60 RTS ***** CHECK VALID SUBROUTINE ***** 02C5 A2 05 VALID LDX #$05 ... CHECK IF ACC. 02C7 D5 C6 CMP 00C6.X MATCHS 00C6-00C9 ... 02C9 F0 03 BEQ YVAL YES, VALID ROOM 02CB CA DEX 02CC 10 F9 BPL NXTV 02CE 60 YVAL RTS **** LOSE SUBROUTINE **** 02CF A0 01 LOSE LDY *01 ...DISPLAY REASON LOST, 02D1 20 00 02 JSR SCAN THEN "YOU LOSE" ... 02D4 A0 00 LDY #$00 02D6 A9 AC LDA #$AC 02D8 20 00 02 JSR SCAN 02DB 4C D4 02 JMP REPT **** GAS LEFT MESSAGE **** 02DE A4 E0 LDY 00E0 GET CANS LEFT 02E0 B9 E7 1F LDA 1FE7,Y GET CONVERSION 02E3 85 9F STA 09F STORE IN MESSAGE 02E5 A0 00 LDY #$00 (PAGE ZERO) 02E7 A9 90 LDA #$90 DISPLAY CANS OF GAS 02E9 20 00 02 JSR SCAN LEFT MESSAGE 02EC 4C 2C 03 JMP ADJR ***** Messages ***** 0000 80 EE DC BE 80 F7 D0 F9 80 84 D4 80 EF 80 C0 80 0010 F8 BE D4 D4 F9 B8 ED 80 B8 F9 F7 DE 80 F8 DC 80 0020 FD FF F7 B9 80 00 80 DC DC F5 ED 80 C0 80 FC BE 0050 B7 F5 F9 DE 80 F7 80 9C BE B7 F5 BE ED 80 80 00 ***** Next Room List ***** 0050 02 02 00 01 01 00 05 04 00 06 07 00 09 0A 01 04 0060 05 05 01 02 05 02 05 06 05 08 09 08 0B 0C 0B 07 0070 08 04 05 04 07 06 07 0A 09 0A 0F 0C 0D 0E 0C 0A 0080 0B 0E 05 06 0F 08 09 0F 0B 0C 0D 0E 0E 0F 0D 0D
112
***** Messages ***** 0090 80 B7 84 ED ED F9 DE 80 C0 80 DC D4 B8 EE 80 DB 00A0 80 B9 F7 D4 ED 80 B8 F9 F1 F8 80 00 80 EE DC BE 00B0 80 B8 DC ED F9 80 00 80 D0 DC DC B7 D5 80 00 05 0100 80 9C BE B7 F5 BE ED 80 B9 B8 DC ED F9 00 80 F5 0110 84 F8 80 B9 B8 DC ED F9 00 80 FC F7 F8 ED 80 B9 0120 B8 DC ED F9 80 00 80 F6 F7 80 F6 F7 80 9C BE B7 0150 F5 BE ED 80 BD DC F8 80 EE DC BE 80 00 80 ED BE 0140 F5 F9 D0 FC F7 F8 80 ED D4 F7 F8 B9 F6 80 00 80 0150 EE EE 84 84 F9 F9 F9 80 F1 F9 B8 B8 80 84 D4 80 0160 F5 84 F8 80 00 80 BD F7 ED 80 84 D4 80 D0 DC DC 0170 B7 80 00 80 DC BE F8 80 DC F1 80 BD F7 ED 80 00 0180 80 80 80 80 80 BD D0 F9 F7 F8 C0 80 EE DC BE 80 0190 BD F9 F8 80 F7 80 F6 BE BD 80 F1 D0 DC B7 80 9C 01A0 BE B7 F5 BE ED 80 00 ***** Hex Dump - Main Program ***** Wumpus 0200 84 DE 85 DD A9 07 85 DF A0 05 A2 05 B1 DD C9 00 0210 D0 01 60 95 E8 88 CA 10 F5 D8 18 98 65 DF 85 DC 0220 20 28 02 A4 DC 4C 0A 02 A2 05 86 DB A9 52 8D 07 0250 17 20 5E 02 2C 07 17 10 F8 C6 DB D0 EF 60 A9 7F 0240 8D 41 17 A0 00 A2 09 B9 E8 00 84 FC 20 4E IF C8 0250 C0 06 90 F5 20 5D IF 60 20 8C 1E 20 5E 02 D0 F8 0260 20 5E 02 F0 FB 20 5E 02 F0 F6 20 6A IF C9 15 10 0270 E7 60 8A 48 D8 58 A5 41 65 44 65 45 85 40 A2 04 0280 B5 40 95 41 CA 10 F9 85 C0 68 AA A5 C0 60 60 A2 0290 04 D5 CB F0 05 CA 10 F9 60 20 72 02 29 0F C9 04 02A0 50 0D 20 B2 02 AD 06 17 29 05 AA B5 C6 85 CB A5 02B0 CB 60 A6 CA B5 50 85 C6 B5 60 85 C7 B5 70 85 C8 02C0 B5 80 85 C9 60 A2 05 D5 C6 F0 05 CA 10 F9 60 A0 02D0 01 20 00 02 A0 00 A9 AC 20 00 02 4C D4 02 A4 E0 02E0 B9 E7 IF 85 9F A0 00 A9 90 20 00 02 4C 2C 05 F6 02F0 BE BD 80 F1 D0 DC B7 80 9C BE B7 F5 BE ED 80 00 0500 EA EA EA EA EA A9 FF A2 0E 95 C1 CA 10 FB A9 05 0510 85 E0 A0 05 10 02 A0 00 A2 05 20 72 02 29 0F D5 0520 CA F0 F5 CA 10 F9 99 CA 00 88 10 EC 20 B2 02 A0 0550 05 84 E1 B9 C6 00 20 8F 02 8A 50 17 E0 05 50 04 0540 A9 19 10 0A EO 01 50 04 A9 0E 10 02 A9 00 A0 01 0550 20 00 02 C6 E1 A4 E1 10 DA A4 CA B9 E7 IF 85 0C 0560 A2 05 B4 C6 B9 E7 IF 95 20 CA 10 F6 A0 00 98 20 0570 00 02 20 58 02 C9 14 F0 48 20 C5 02 85 CA 8A 50 0580 EB A5 CA A2 04 D5 C1 F0 55 CA 10 F9 20 8F 02 8A 0590 50 9A E0 05 10 17 E0 01 10 ID A0 00 A9 26 20 00 05A0 02 20 99 02 C5 CA D0 84 A9 26 4C CF 02 A0 01 A9 05B0 5D 20 00 02 4C 16 05 A9 4F 4C CF 02 A9 65 4C CF 05C0 02 A0 00 A9 B7 20 00 02 20 58 02 20 C5 02 85 D1 05D0 8A 50 EE A5 D1 A6 E0 95 C0 C5 CB F0 15 C6 E0 F0 05E0 1A A6 CB 20 B4 02 20 A5 02 C5 CA F0 BB 4C DE 02 05F0 EA EA A0 01 A9 80 20 00 02 F0 F7 A9 75 20 CF 02
113
114
BY JIM BUTTERFIELD
Load this fully relocatable program anywhere.
Once it starts, key in the last two digits of
a branch instruction address; then the last two
digits of the address to which you are branching;
and read off the relative branch address.
For example, to calculate the branch to ADDR near the
end of this program: hit 26 (from 0026); 20 (from 0020)
and read F8 on the two right hand digits of the display.
The program must be stopped with the RS key.
0000 D8 START CLD
0001 18 CLC
0002 A5 FA LDA POINTL
0004 E5 FB SBC POINTH
0006 85 F9 STA INH
0008 C6 F9 DEC INH
000A 20 1F 1F JSR SCANDS
000D 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY
0010 C5 F3 CMP LAST
0012 F0 EC BEQ START
0014 85 F3 STA LAST
0016 C9 10 CMP #$10
0018 B0 E6 BOS START
00lA 0A ASL A
001B 0A ASL A
001C 0A ASL A
001D 0A ASL A
00lE A2 04 LDX #4
0020 0A ADD ASL A
0021 26 FA ROL POINTL
0023 26 FB ROL POINTH
0025 0A DEX
0026 D0 F8 BNE ADDR
0028 F0 D6 BEQ START
Keep in mind that the maximum "reach" of a branch instruction
is 127 locations forward (7F) or 128 locations backward (80).
If you want a forward branch, check that the calculated branch
is In the range 0l to 7F. Similarly, be sure that a backward
branch produces a value from 80 to FE. In either case, a value
outside these limits means that your desired branch is out of
reach.
115
Jim Butterfield
Load BROWSE anywhere in memory - it's fully relocatable -
start it up, and presto! It dcesn't seem to do anything.
BROWSE is a mini-Monitor that perrorms most or the functions
of the regular KIM monitor; but you'll find it handy for entering
and proof-reading programs. Most of the keys work the same as
usual; but PC. +. and DA are slightly different.
When you hit + you go to the next address as usual .. but then
you keep on going! Great for proofreading a rpogram you've
just entered. It lets you browse through memory.
Hit PC and the program steps backwards, so you can look at
a value you've just passed. All other keys instantly freeze
the browsing process; you can hit AD or DA to stop on a given
address, or just enter a new address if you wish.
Key DA operates a little differently from the regular KIM
function. To enter data, first set up the address before
the one you want to change. As you enter the data, BROWSE
will autonatically step forward to the next address - and
then the next one, and so on. You never need to hit the +
key during entry; and the display will show the last value
you have entered.
0110 8 START CLD clear decimal mode
0111 A9 13 LDA #$13 GO key image
0113 85 FE STA CHAR
00l5 A9 00 LDA #$0 value zero..
0117 85 FA STA POINTL .,to address pointer
0119 85 FB STA POINTH
011B C6 F3 LOOP DEC WAIT main program loop
011D D0 0E BNE LP1 pause 1 second
011F A5 FD LDA TMPX up or down?
0121 F0 0A BEQ LP1 neither
0123 10 69 BPL UP
0125 A5 FA LDA POINTL down, decrement
0127 D0 02 BNE DOWN next page?
0129 C6 FB DEC POINTH
012B C6 FA DOWN DEC POINTL
012D 20 19 1F LPl JSR SCAND light display
0130 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY check keys
0133 C5 FE CMP CHAR same key as last time?
0135 F0 E4 BEQ LOOP
0137 85 FE STA CHAR note new key input
0139 C9 15 CMP #$15 no key?
013B F0 DE BEQ LOOP yes, skip
013D A2 00 LDX #0
013F 86 FD STX TMPX clear up/down flag
116
0141 C9 10 CMP #$10 numeric? 0143 90 1C BCC NUM yes, branch 0145 86 F4 STX DIGIT 0147 C9 11 CMP #$11 DA? 0149 F0 0l BEQ OVER yes, leave X=0 014B E8 INX no, set X=l 014C 86 FF OVER STX MODE 0 or 1 into MODE 014E C9 12 CMP #$12 +? 0150 D0 02 BNE PASS no. skip 0152 E6 FD INC TMPX yes, set browse 0154 C9 14 PASS CMP #$14 PC? 0156 D0 02 BNE PASS2 no, skip 0158 C6 FD DEC TMPX yes, down-browse 015A C9 13 PASS2 CMP #$13 GO? 015C D0 CF BNE LP1 no, loop 015E 4C C8 1D JMP GOEXEC start program ; numeric (hex) entry comes here 0161 0A 0A NUM ASLA ASLA position digit 0163 0A 0A ASLA ASLA to left 0165 85 FC STA TEMP 0167 A2 04 LDX #4 4 bits to move 0169 A4 FF LDY MODE AD or DA? 016B D0 17 BNE ADDR branch if AD node 016D C6 F4 DEC DIGIT time to step? 016F 10 07 BPL SAME no, skip 0171 20 63 1F JSR INCPT yes, step 0174 E6 F4 INC DIGIT ..and restore 0176 E6 F4 INC DIGIT ..digit count 0178 B1 FA SAME LDA (POINTL),Y get data 017A 06 FC DADA ASL TEMP move a bit.. 017C 2A ROL A ..into data 017D 91 FA STA (POINTL),Y 017F CA DEX 0180 D0 F8 BNE DADA last bit? 0182 F0 A9 BEQ LPl yes, exit 0184 0A ADDR ASLA move bits 0185 26 FA ROL POINTL into address 0187 26 FB ROL POINTH 0189 CA DEX 018A D0 F8 BNE ADDR 018C F0 9F BEQ LP1 ; increment address for browsing 018E 20 63 1F UP JSR INCPT 0191 AA TAX 0192 10 99 BPL LP1 0194 end
117
Jim Butterfield
Ever thought about the best way to organize your programs on tape?
I used to call the first program on each tape number 01, the next 02, etc.
Mostly I was afraid of forgetting the ID number and having trouble reading
it in. Program DIRECTORY (below) fixes up that part of the problem and
liberates you to choose a better numbering scheme.
You've got 254 program IDs to choose frorn ... enough for most program
libraries with some to spare.
So every program and data file would carry a unique number ... and if
you've forgotten what's on a given tape, just run DIRECTORY and get all the
IDs.
Another thing that's handy to know is the starting address (SA) of a
program, expecially if you want to copy it to another tape. (Ending add-
resses are easy ... just load the program, then look at the contents of
l7ED and 17EE). Well, DIRECTORY shows starting addresses, too.
The program is fully relocatable, so put it anywhere convenient.
Start at the first instruction (0000 in the listing). Incidentally, 0001
to 001D of this program are functionally identical to the KIM monitor 188C
to 18C1.
After you start the program, start your audio tape input. When DI-
RECTORY finds a program, it will display the Start Address (first four
digits) and the Program ID. Hit any key and it will scan for the next
program.
0000 D8 GO CLD
0001 A9 07 LDA #$07 Directional reg
0003 8D 42 17 STA SBD
0006 20 41 1A SYN JSR RDBIT Scan thru bits...
0009 46 F9 LSR INH ..shifting new bit
000B 05 F9 ORA INH ..into left of
000D 85 F9 STA INH ..byte INH
000F C9 16 TST CMP #$16 SYNC character?
0011 D0 F3 BNE SYN no, back to bits
0013 20 24 1A JSR RDCHT get a character
0016 C6 F9 DEC INH count 22 SYNC's
0018 10 F5 BPL TST
001A C9 2A CMP #$2A then test astk
001C D0 F1 BNE TST ..or SYNC
001E A2 FD LDX #$FD if asterisk,
0020 20 F3 19 RD JSR RDBYT stack 3 bytes
0023 95 FC STA POINTH+1,x into display
0025 E8 INX area
0026 30 F8 BMI RD
0028 20 1F 1F Show JSR SCANDS ...and shine
002B D0 D3 BNE Go until keyed
002D F0 F9 BEQ SHOW at's all folks
118
How long does it take you to load a full lK of KIM-1
memory? Over two minutes? And if you're going for
memory expansion, how long will It take you to load
your 8K? Twenty minutes?
Hold onto your hats. Program HYPERTAPE! will write
fully compatible tapes in a fraction of the time.
You can load a full 1K in 21 seconds.
Fully compatible means this: once you've written
a tape using HYPERTAPE! you can read it back in using
the normal KIM-1 program (starting at 1873 as usual).
And the utilities and diagnostic programs work on this
super-compressed data (e.g., DIRECTORY and VUTAPE).
You'll need some memory space for the program, of course.
If you have memory expansion, there'll be no problem
finding space, of course. But if you're on the basic
KIM-1, as I am, you'll have to "squeeze in" HYPERTAPE!
along with the programs you're dumping to tape. I try
to leave page 1 alone usually (the stack can overwrite
your program due to bugs), so I stage HYPERTAPE! in
that area. For the convenience of relocation, the
listing underlines those addresses that will need
changing. There are also four values needed in page zero which
you may change to any convenient location.
For those Interested in the theory of the thing, I
should mention: HYPERTAPE! is not the limit. If you
wished to abandon KIM-1 monitor compatibility, you
could continue to speed up tape by a factor of 4 or 5
times more. Can you imagine reading 1K in four seconds?
For the moment, however, HYPERTAPE! is plenty fast for me.
; this program also included in Super-dupe
0100 A9 AD DUMP LDA #$AD
0102 8D EC 17 STA VEB
0105 20 32 19 JSR INTVEB set up sub
0108 A9 27 LDA #$27
010A 85 F5 STA GANG flag for SBD
010C A9 BF LDA #$BF
010E 8D 43 17 STA PBDD
0111 A2 64 LDX #$64
0113 A9 16 LDA #$16
0115 20 61 01 JSR HIC
0118 A9 2A LDA #$2A
011A 20 88 01 JSR OUTCHT
011D AD F9 17 LDA ID
0120 20 70 01 JSR OUTST
0123 AD F5 17 LDA SAL
119
0126 20 6D 01 JSR OUTBTC 0129 AD F6 17 LDA SAH 012C 20 6D 01 JSR OUTBTC 012F 20 EC 17 DUMPT4 JSR VEB 0132 20 6D 01 JSR OUTBTC 0135 20 EA 19 JSR INCVEB 0138 AD ED 17 LDA VEB+1 013B CD F7 17 CMP EAL 013E AD EE 17 LDA VEB+2 0141 ED F8 17 SBC EAH 0144 90 E9 BCC DUMPT4 0146 A9 2F LDA #$2F 0148 20 88 01 JSR OUTCHT 014B AD E7 17 LDA CHKL 014E 20 70 01 JSR OUTBT 0151 AD E8 17 LDA CHKH 0154 20 70 01 EXIT JSR OUTBT 0157 A2 02 LDX #$02 0159 A9 04 LDA #$04 015B 20 61 01 JSR HIC 015E 4C 5C 18 JMP DISPZ ;subroutines 0161 86 F1 HIC STX TIC 0163 48 HIC1 PHA 0164 20 88 01 JSR OUTCHT 0167 68 PLA 0168 C6 F1 DEC TIC 016A D0 F7 BNE HIC1 016C 60 RTS 016D 20 4C 19 OUTBTC JSR CHKT 0170 48 OUTBT PHA 0171 4A LSR A 0172 4A LSR A 0173 4A LSR A 0174 4A LSR A 0175 20 7D 01 JSR HEXOUT 0178 68 PLA 0179 20 7D 01 JSR HEXOUT 017C 60 RTS ; 017D 29 0F HEXOUT AND #$0F 017F C9 0A CMP #$0A 0181 18 CLC 0182 30 02 BMI HEX1 0184 69 07 ADC #$07 0186 69 30 HEX1 ADC #$30 0188 A0 07 OUTCHT LDY #$07 018A 84 F2 STY COUNT 018C A0 02 TRY LDY #$02 018E 84 F3 STY TRIB 0190 BE BE 01 ZON LDX NPUL,Y 0193 48 PHA
120
0194 2C 47 17 ZON1 BIT CLKRDI 0197 10 FB BPL ZON1 0199 B9 BF 01 LDA TIMG,Y 019C 8D 44 17 STA CLKIT 019F A5 F5 LDA GANG 01A1 49 80 EOR #$80 01A3 8D 42 17 STA SBD 01A6 85 F5 STA GANG 01A8 CA DEX 01A9 D0 E9 BNE ZON1 01AB 68 PLA 01AC C6 F3 DEC TRIB 01AE F0 05 BEQ SETZ 01B0 30 07 BMI ROUT 01B2 4A LSR A 01B3 90 DB BCC ZON 01B5 A0 00 SETZ LDY #0 01B7 F0 D7 BEQ ZON 01B9 C6 F2 ROUT DEC COUNT 01BB 10 CF BPL TRY 01BD 60 RTS ;frequency/density controls 01BE 02 NPUL .BYTE $02 01BF C3 03 7E TIMG .BYTE $C3, $03, $7E ***** Hex Dump - Hypertape ***** 0100- A9 AD 8D EC 17 20 32 19 A9 27 85 F5 A9 BF 8D 43 0110- 17 A2 64 A9 16 20 61 01 A9 2A 20 88 01 AD F9 17 0120- 20 70 01 AD F5 17 20 6D 01 AD F6 17 20 6D 01 20 0130- EC 17 20 6D 01 20 EA 19 AD ED 17 CD F7 17 AD EE 0140- 17 ED F8 17 90 E9 A9 2F 20 88 01 AD E7 17 20 70 0150- 01 AD E8 17 20 70 01 A2 02 A9 04 20 61 01 4C 5C 0160- 18 86 F1 48 20 88 01 68 C6 F1 D0 F7 60 20 4C 19 0170- 48 4A 4A 4A 4A 20 7D 01 68 20 7D 01 60 29 0F C9 0180- 0A 18 30 02 69 07 69 30 A0 07 84 F2 A0 02 84 F3 0190- BE BE 01 48 2C 47 17 10 FB B9 BF 01 8D 44 17 A5 01A0- F5 49 80 8D 42 17 85 F5 CA D0 E9 68 C6 F3 F0 05 01B0- 30 07 4A 90 DB A0 00 F0 D7 C6 F2 10 CF 60 02 C3 01C0- 03 7E Thanks go to Julien Dubé for his help in staging early versions oh HYPERTAPE.
121
Jim
Butterfield
Testing RAM isn't just a question of storing a value and
then checking it. It'S a important to test for interference
between locations. Such tests often involve writing to one
location and then checking all other locations to see they
haven't been disturbed; this can be time consuming.
This program checks memory thoroughly and runs exceptionally
fast. It is adapted from an algorithm by Knaizuk and Hartmann
published in 'IFEE. Transactions on Computers', April 1977.
The program first puts value FF in every location under test.
Then it puts 00 in every third location, after which it tests
all locations for correctness. The test is repeated twice more
with the positions of the 00's changed each time. Finally,
the whole thing is repeated with the FF and 00 values
interchanged.
To run: Set the addresses of the first and last memory pages
you wish to test into locations 0000 and 0001 respectively.
Start the program at address 0002; it will halt with a memory
address on the display. If no faults were round, the address
will be one location past the last address tested. If a fau1t
is found, its address will be displayed.
Example: To test 0100 to 02FF (pages 0l and 02) in KIM:
Set 0000 to 01, 0001 to 02, start program at 0002. If memory
is good, see 0300 (=02FF + 1). Now if you try testing
0100 to 2000 (0000=0l,000l=20) the program will halt at
the first bad location - this will be 0400 if you haven't
added memory.
0000 xx BEGIN xx starting page for test
0001 xx END xx ending page for test
0002 A9 00 START LDA #0 zero pointers
0004 A8 TAY for low-order
0005 85 FA STA P0INTL addresses;
0007 85 70 BIGLP STA FLAG =00 first pass, =FF second pass
0009 A2 02 LDX #2
000B 86 72 STX MOD set 3 tests each pass
000D A5 00 PASS LDA BEGIN set pointer to..
000F 85 FB STA POINTH ..start of test area
0011 A6 01 LDX END
0013 A5 70 LDA FLAG
0015 49 FF EOR #$FF reverse FLAG
0017 85 71 STA FLIP ..FF first pass. =00 second pass
0019 91 FA CLEAR STA (POINTL).Y write above FLIP value..
001B C8 INY ..into all locations
001C D0 FB BNE CLEAR
001E E6 FB INC POINTH
0020 E4 FB CPX POINTH
0022 B0 F5 BCS CLEAR
122
; FLIP value in an locatiom - now change 1 in 3 0024 A6 72 LDX MOD 0026 A5 00 LDA BEGIN set pointer.. 0028 85 FB STA POINTH ..back to start 002A A5 70 FILL LDA FLAG change value 002C CA TOP DEX 002D 10 04 BPL SKIP skip 2 out of 3 002F A2 02 LDX #2 restore 3-counter 0031 91 FA STA (POINTL),Y change 1 out of 3 0033 C8 SKIP INY 0034 D0 F6 BNE TO? 0036 E6 FB INC POINTH new page 0038 A5 01 LDA END have we passed.. 003A C5 FB CMP POINTH ..end of test area? 003C B0 EC BCS FILL nope, keep going ; memory set up - now test it 003E A5 00 LDA BEGIN set pointer.. 0040 85 FB STA POINTH ..back to start 0042 A6 72 LDX MOD set up 3-counter 0044 A5 71 POP LDA FLIP test for FLIP value.. 0046 CA DEX ..2 out of 3 times.. 0047 10 04 BPL SLIP - or - 0049 A2 02 LDX #2 1 out of 3.. 004B A5 70 LDA FLAG test for FLAG value; 004D D1 FA SLIP CMP (POINTL).Y here's the test... 004F D0 15 BNE OUT branch if failed 0051 C8 INY 0052 D0 F0 BNE POP 0054 E6 FB INC POINTH 0056 A5 01 LDA END 0058 C5 FB CMP POINTH 005A B0 E8 BCS POP ; above test OK - change & repeat 005C C6 72 DEC MOD change 1/3 position 005E 10 AD BPL PASS .. & do next third 0060 A5 70 LDA FLAG invert.. 0062 49 FF EOR #$FF ..flag for pass two 0064 30 A1 BMI BIGLP 0066 84 FA OUT STY P0INTL put low order adds to display 0068 4C 4F 1C JMP START ...and exit to KIM 006B ***** Hex Dump - Memory Test ***** 0000 00 00 A9 00 A8 85 FA 85 70 A2 02 86 72 A5 00 85 0010 FB A6 01 A5 70 49 FF 85 71 91 FA C8 D0 FB E6 FB 0020 E4 FB B0 F5 A6 72 A5 00 85 FB A5 70 CA 10 04 A2 0030 02 91 FA C8 D0 F6 E6 FB A5 01 C5 FB B0 EC A5 00 0040 85 FB A6 72 A5 71 CA 10 04 A2 02 A5 70 Dl FA D0 0050 15 C8 D0 F0 E6 FB A5 01 C5 FB B0 E8 C6 72 10 AD 0060 A5 70 49 FF 30 Al 84 FA 4C 4F 1C
123
By Dan Lewart
One day I was single-stepping through a program and not
being too alert, I kept going after the program ended.
Then I noticed I was going through instructions not in any
OP-code table. What was being executed? With a little
luck I found that many nonexistent codes would duplicate
others with only one bit changed. I haven't looked into
it very deeply, but here are two examples: 17 is the same
as 16 (ASL-Z, PAGE) and FF is the same as FE (INC ABS,X).
By single-stepping I could determine the number of bytes
in all instructions. This worked for all instructions except
for 02,12,22,32,42,52,62,72,92,B2,D2 and F2, which
blank the display. After filling in the Bytes per Instruction
table many patterns became obvious. For example, the
op-code ending with digits 8 and A could be summarized as
having a bit pattern of xxxxl0x0, where "x" means don't
care. This covers all possibilities and when a number of
this form is ANDed with 00001101 (mask all the x bits) the
result will be 00001000. By doing this for all 0 (illegal),
1 and 3 byte instructions and having the 2 byte instructions
"whatever's left over" I had the basis of my semi-disassembler.
The only odd byte length is that of 20 (JSR) which "should"
be only 1 byte long.
Though this is not a full disassembler, it has helped me to
write several nrograms, including itself. To relocate the
program change locations 374-6, 379-B and 38E-390 to jump
to the appropriate locations. If you have a program in page
1 or don't want to write on the stack, change 397 and 39A
to EA (NOP).
To run the program, store 00 in 17FA and 03 in 17FB. Go
to the beginning of your program and press "ST". You will
then see the first instruction displayed. If it is illegal, the
location and opcode will flash on and off. In that case, press
"RS". To display the next instruction press "+". To display
the current address and opcode press "PC", at any time. To
backstep press "B". When you have backstepped to the
beginning of your program, or changed locations 397 and 39A,
pressing "B" acts like "PC".
0300 D8 START SED
0301 A2 FF LDX #$FF INITIALIZE STACK
0303 9A TXS POINTER
0304 A0 00 INIT LDY #$00 (E6-EE)=0
0306 A2 09 LDX #$09
0308 94 E5 INIT1 STY 0055,X
030A CA DEX
030B D0 FB BNE INITl
030D E8 INX X=1
124
030E B1 FA LENGTH LDA (POINTL),Y GET OPCODE, FrND LENGTH 0310 C9 20 CMP#$20 ANALYZE BIT PATTERNS 0312 F0 3B SEQ 3BYTE %00100000 ; 3 BYTES 0314 29 9F AND #$9F "X" MEANS DON'T CARE 0316 F0 35 SEQ 1BYTE %OXXOOOOO ; 1 BYTE (20) 0318 C9 92 CMP #$92 031A F0 lA SEQ FLASH %1XX10010 ; ILLEGAL (B2,D2) 031C A8 TAY STORE ThMPORARJLY 031D 29 1D AND #$1D 031F C9 19 CMP #$19 0321 F0 2C BEQ 3BYTE %xxx110x1 ; 3 BYTES (59,B9) 0323 29 0D AND 34 0D 0325 C9 08 CMP #$08 0327 F0 24 SEQ 1BYTE %xxx~oxo ; 1 BYTE (D8,4A) 0329 29 0C AND #$0C 032B C9 0C CMP #$0C 032D F0 20 SEQ 3BYTE %xxxx11xx ; 3 BYTES (4C,EE) 032F 98 TYA RESTORE 0330 29 8F AND #$8F 0332 C9 02 CMP #$02 %OXXXOO1O ; ILLEGAL (22,52) 0334 D0 18 SNE 2BYTE ALL LEFTOVERS ; 2 BYTES 0336 E6 EC FLASH INC 00EC FLIP BIT 0 0338 A9 FF LDA #$FF LOOP FOR 1/4 SEC. 033A 8D 07 17 STA 1707 033D A5 EC FLASH1 LDA OOEC SLINK ON OR OFF 033F 29 31 AND #$01 0341 F0 03 SEQ FLASH2 SIT 0-0 ; BLINK OFF 0343 20 19 1F JSR SCAND BIT On ; BLINK ON 0346 2C 07 17 FLASH2 BIT 1707 0349 30 EB SMI FLASH 034B 10 F0 SPL FLASH1 034D E8 lBYTE INX 034E E8 2BYTE INX 034F 8A 3BYTE TXA CENTER CODE 0350 49 07 EOR #$07 0352 85 ED STA 00ED 0354 A4 EE CONVRT LDY 4SEE LOOP FOR EACH BYTE 0356 Bl FA LDA (POINTL),Y CONVERT AND STORE 0358 48 PHA IN ES - FE 0359 4A 4A LSR's 035B 4A 4A LSR's 035D A8 TAY 035E B9 E7 1F LDA TABLE,? 0361 95 E5 STA 00E5,X 0363 E8 INX 0365 29 0F AND #$0F 0367 A8 TAY 0368 B9 E7 1F LDA TABLE,Y 036B 95 E5 STA 00E5,x 036D E8 INX 036E E6 EE INC DOBE 0370 E4 ED CPX 00EE 0372 90 E0 BCC CONVRT 0374 20 AF 03 K DOWN JSR DISP DISPLAY UNTIL ALL KEYS 0377 D0 FB BNE K DOWN ARE UP 0379 20 AF 03 K UP JSR DISP DISPLAY AND GETKEY
125
037C 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY 037F C9 0B B? CMP #$0B IS "B" PRESSED? 0381 D0 0E BNE PLUS? NO, BRANCH 0383 BA BCKSTP TSX 0384 E0 FF CPX #FF IS STACK EMPTY? 0386 F0 20 BEQ WINDOW YES, ACT LIKE "PC" 0388 68 PLA PULL FB AND FA 0389 85 FB STA 00FB DISPLAY WORD 038B 68 PLA 038C 85 FA STA 00FA 038E 4C 04 03 NEWORD JMP INIT 0391 C9 12 PLUS? CMP #$12 IS "+" PRESSED? 0593 D0 0F BNE PC? NO, BRANCH 0395 A5 FA STEP LDA 00FA PUSH FA AND FB 0397 48 PHA 0398 A5 FB LDA 00FB 039A 48 PHA 039B 20 63 1F STEP 1 JSR INCPT FIND NEW LOCATION 039E C6 EE DEC 00EE DISPLAY WORD 03A0 F0 EC BEQ NEWORD 03A2 D0 F7 BNE STEP 1 03A4 C9 14 PC? CMP #$14 IS "PC" PRESSED? 03A6 D0 D1 BNE K UP NO, GET KEY 05A8 20 19 1F WINDOW JSR SCAND DISPLAY LOCATION 03AB F0 CC BEQ K UP UNTIL KEY RELEASED 03AD D0 F9 BNE WINDOW THEN GET KEY 03AF A9 7F DISP LDA #$7F SEGMENTS TO OUTPUT 03B1 8D 41 17 STA PADD 03B4 A2 08 LDX #$08 INITIALIZE 03B6 A0 00 LDY #$00 03B8 84 FC DISP 1 STY 00FC 03BA B9 E6 00 LDA 00E6,Y GET CHARACTER 03BD 20 4E 1F JSR 1F4E DISPLAY CHARACTER 03C0 C8 INY NEXT CHARACTER 03C1 C0 06 CPY #$06 03C3 90 F3 BCC DISP1 03C5 4C 3D 1F JMP 1F3D DONE, KEY DOWN? ***** HEX DUMP - MINI DIS ***** 0300 D8 A2 FF 9A A0 00 A2 09 94 E5 CA D0 FB E8 B1 FA 0310 C9 20 F0 3B 29 9F F0 35 C9 92 F0 1A A8 29 1D C9 0320 19 F0 2C 29 0D C9 08 F0 24 29 0C C9 0C F0 20 98 0330 29 8F C9 02 D0 18 E6 EC A9 FF 8D 07 17 A5 EC 29 0340 01 F0 03 20 19 1F 2C 07 17 30 EB 10 F0 E8 E8 8A 0350 49 07 85 ED A4 EE B1 FA 48 4A 4A 4A 4A A8 B9 E7 0360 1F 95 E5 E8 68 29 0F A8 B9 E7 1F 95 E5 E8 E6 EE 0370 E4 ED 90 E0 20 AF 03 D0 FB 20 AF 03 20 6A 1F C9 0380 0B D0 0E BA E0 FF F0 20 68 85 FB 68 85 FA 4C 04 0390 03 C9 12 D0 0F A5 FA 48 A5 FB 48 20 63 1F C6 EE 03A0 F0 EC D0 F7 C9 14 D0 D1 20 19 1F F0 CC D0 F9 A9 03B0 7F 8D 41 17 A2 08 A0 00 84 FC B9 E6 00 20 4E 1F 03C0 C8 C0 06 90 F5 4C 3D 1F
126
By Lew Edwards
ANOTHER move program? This one moves anything anywhere!
No limit to number of bytes, or locations in memory, or
overlapping of source and destination. Use it to lift sections
of code from other programs, close in or open up gaps for
altering programs, moving programs to another location (use
Butterfield's RELOCATE to take care of the branch and address
correction). Locate it wherever you have the room.
Use is straight forward. Old start address goes in D0,1 ;
old end address in D2,3; new start address in D4,D5 before
running the program which starts at 1780, or wherever you
want to have it in your system. Program uses zero page
locations D0 thru P9 to do the job.
1780 D8 START CLD
1781 A0 FF LDY #$FF STORE TEST VALUE
1783 58 SEC
1784 A5 D2 LDA OEAL HOW MANY BYTES?
1786 E5 D0 SBC OSAL TO MOVE?
1788 85 D8 STA BCL
178A A5 D5 LDA OEAH
178C E5 D1 SBC OSAH
178E 85 D9 STA BCH
1790 18 CLC
1791 A5 D8 LDA BCL ADD THE COUNT TO
1793 65 D4 ADC NSAL THE NEW START TO
1795 85 D6 STA NEAL GET A NEW END
1797 A5 D9 LDA BCH
1799 65 D5 ADC NSAH
179B 85 D7 STA NEAH
179D E6 D8 INC BCL ADJUST THE BYTE COUNT
179F E6 D9 INC BCH TO PERMIT ZERO TESTING
17A1 38 SEC
17A2 A5 D4 LDA NSAL IF NEW LOCATION
17A4 E5 D0 SBC OSAL HIGHER THAN OLD
17A6 A5 D5 LDA NSAH CARRY FLAG IS SET
17A8 E5 D1 SBC OSAH
17AA A2 00 LOOP LDX #$00 HIGH POINTER INDEX
17AC 90 02 BCC MOVE
17AE A2 02 LDX #$02 LOW POINTER INDEX
17B0 A1 D0 MOVE LDA OSAL,X MOVE OLD
17B2 81 D4 STA NSAL,X TO NEW
17B4 90 14 BCC DOWN
17B6 C6 D2 DEC OEAL ADJUST UP POINTER, (OLD)
17B8 98 TYA BELOW ZERO?
17B9 45 D2 FOR OEAL
17BB D0 02 BNE NO NO, ENOUGH
127
17BD C6 D5 DEC 0EAH YES, ADJUST THE HIGH BYTE 17BF C6 D6 NOT DEC NEAL ADJUST THE OTHER ONE (NEW) 17C1 98 TYA 17C2 45 D6 EOR NEAL NEED HIGH BYTE ADJUSTED? 17C4 D0 02 BNE NEIN NO 17C6 C6 D7 DECH NEAH YES, DO IT 17C8 B0 0C NEIN BCS COUNT 17CA E6 D0 DOWN INC OSAL ADJUST "OLD" DOWN POINTER 17CC D0 02 BNE NYET 17CE E6 D1 INC OSAH AND THE HIGH BYTE IF NEEDED 17D0 E6 D4 NYET INC NSAL AND THE "NEW" ONE 17D2 D0 02 BNE COUNT 17D4 E6 D5 INC NSAH 17D6 C6 D8 COUNT DEC BCL TICK OFF THE BYTES, 17D8 D0 02 BNE ONE ENOUGH FINGERS? 17DA C6 D9 DEC BCH USE THE OTHER HAND 17DC D0 CC ONE BNE LOOP 'TIL THEYT RE ALL DONE 17DE 00 DONE BRK & BACK TO MONITOR P.S. Don't forget to set the IRQ vector for the break (KIM - 1C 00 at 17FE,FF) ***** Hex Dump " Movit ***** 1780 D8 A0 FF 58 A5 D2 E5 D0 85 D8 A5 D5 E5 D1 85 D9 1790 18 A5 D8 65 D4 85 D6 A5 D9 65 D5 85 D7 E6 D8 E6 17A0 D9 58 A5 D4 E5 D0 A5 D5 E5 D1 A2 00 90 02 A2 02 17B0 A1 D0 81 D4 90 14 C6 D2 98 45 D2 D0 02 C6 D5 C6 17C0 D6 98 45 D6 D0 02 C6 D7 B0 0C E6 D0 D0 02 E6 D1 17D0 E6 D4 D0 02 E6 D5 C6 D8 D0 02 C6 D9 D0 CC 00 17E0 00 FF F Addition: The last address filled can be displayed after the program is complete by adding the following code: (1) 85 FA between instructions now at 1795 and 1797 (2) 85 FB between instructions now at 179B and 179D (3) replace the break at the end with 4C 4F 1C Use Movit to move itself to another location and then again to open up the necessary spaces!
128
Lewis Edwards, Jr.
Having trouble loading from tape, especially on "SUPERTAPE"? Suspect
the PLL adjustment might be off, but were afraid to adjust it, or didn't
have a meter or scope handy? Use this program and KIM's built in hardware
to make the adjustment. Hold the tip of the plug you plug into the tape
recorder's earphone jack to applications pin #14 and adjust the control
for 0's or combinations of 7'S and L's on the display. "L" means the PLL
TEST line is low and "7" means it's high. The program generates a signal
that alternates slightly below and slightly above theone generated by KIM
at 1A6B. The regular tape input channel is utilized and decoded to con-
trol the display.
1780 A9 07 BEGN LDA #07 Set the input
1782 8D 42 17 STA SBD
1785 A9 01 LDA #01 and output ports
1787 8D 01 17 STA PA0
178A 85 E1 STA E1 Initialize the toggle
178C A9 7F LDA #7F
178E 8D 41 17 STA PADD Open display channels
1791 A2 09 MORE LDX #09 Start with the first
1793 A0 07 LDY #07 digit Light top & right
1795 2C 42 17 BIT SBD if PLL output
1798 50 02 BMI SEGS is high
179A A0 58 LDY #58 otherwise left & bottom
179C 8C 40 17 SEGS STY SAD Turn on the segments
179F 8E 42 17 STX SBD and the digit
17A2 2C 47 17 DELA BIT CLKRDI Half cycle done?
17A5 10 FB BPL DELA No, wait for time up
17A7 E6 E2 INC E2 Count the cycles
17A9 50 04 BMI LOTO 128 ^ cycles, send low tone
17AB A9 91 HITO LDA #91 128 Vz cycles, send hi tone
17AD D0 05 BNE CLK1
17AF A9 95 LOTO LDA #95
17B1 EA NOP Equalize the branches
17B2 8D 44 17 CLK1 STA CLK1T Set the clock
17B5 A9 01 LDA #01
17B7 45 E1 BOR E1 Flip the toggle register
17B9 85 E1 STA E1
17BB 8D 00 17 STA PA0 Toggle the output port
17BE E8 INX
17BF E8 INX Next display digit
17C0 E0 15 CPX #15 Last one?
17C2 D0 CF BNE NEXT No, do next
17C4 F0 CB BEQ MORE Yes, do more
1780 A9 07 8D 42 17 A9 01 8D 01 17 85 E1 A9 7F 8D 41
1790 17 A2 09 A0 07 2C 42 17 30 02 A0 58 8C 40 17 8E
17A0 42 17 2C 47 17 10 FB E6 E2 50 04 A9 91 D0 05 A9
17B0 95 EA 8D 44 17 A9 01 45 E1 85 E1 8D 00 17 E8 E8
17C0 E0 15 D0 CF F0 CB
129
Jim Butterfield
Ever long for an assembler? Remember when you wrote that 300 byte
program - and discovered that you'd forgotten one vital instruction in the
middle? And to make room, you'd have to change all those branches, all
those address... Or the program with that neat piece of coding in it, that
you suddenly need to remove (say, to change it to a subroutine)...but if
you do, you'll have to fill all that empty space with NOPs? It's enough
to make a grown programmer cry...
Dry those tears. Program RELOCATE will fix up all those addresses
and branches for you, whether you're opening out a program to fit in an
extra instruction, closing up space you don't need, or just moving the whole
thing someplace else.
RELOCATE doesn't move the data. It just fixes up the addresses before
you make the move. It won't touch zero page addresses; you'll want them
to stay the same. And be careful: it won't warn you if a branch instruc-
tion goes out of range.
You'll have to give RELOCATE a lot of information about your program:
(1) Where your program starts. This is the first instruction in
your whole program (including the part that doesn't move).
RELOCATE has to look through your whole program, instruction
by instruction, correcting addresses and branches where neces-
sary. Be sure your program is a continuous series of instruc-
tions (don't mix data in; RELOCATE will take a data value of
10 as a BEL instruction and try to correct the branch address),
and place a dud instruction (FF) behind your last program in-
struction. This tells RELOCATE where to stop.
Place the program start address in locations EA and EB, low
order first as usual. Don't forget the FF behind the last
instruction; it doesn't matter if you temporarily wipe out a
byte of data - you can always put it back later.
(2) Where relocation starts, this is the first address in your
program that you want to move. If you're moving the whole
program, it will be the same as the program start address,
above. This address is called the boundary.
Place the boundary address in locations EC and ED, low order
first.
(3) How far you will want to relocate information above the bound-
ary. This value is called the increment. For example, if you
want to open up three more locations in your program, the in-
crement will be 0003. If you want to close up four addresses,
the increment will be FFFC (effectively, a negative number).
Place the increment value in locations E8 and E9, low order
first.
130
(4) A page limit, above which relocation should be disabled. For example, if you're working on a program in the 0200 to 03FF range, your program might also address a timer or I/O regist- ers, and might call subroutines in the monitor. You don't want these addresses relocated, even though they are above the boundary! So your page limit would be 17, since these addresses are all over l700. On the other hand, if you have memory expansion and your program is at address 2000 and up, your page limit will need to be much higher. You'd normally set the page limit to FF, the highest page in memory. Place the page limit in location E7. Now you're ready to go. Set RELOCATE's start address, hit go - and ZAP!-your addresses are fixed up. After the run, it's a good idea to check the address now in 00EA and 00EB - it should point at the FF at the end of your program, confirming that the run went OK. Now you can move the program. If you have lots of memory to spare, you can write a general MOVE program and link it in to RELOCATE, so as to do the whole job in one shot. But if, like me, you're memory-deprived, you'll likely want to run RELOCATE first, and then load in a little dustom-written program to do the actual moving. The program will vary depending on which way you want to move, how far, and how much memory is to be moved. In a pinch, you can use the FF option of the cassette input program to move your program. Last note: the program terminates with a BRK instruction. Be sure your interrupt vector (at l7FE and 17FF) is set to KIM address 1C00 so that you get a valid "halt". RELOCATE Jim Butterfield ; following addresses must be initialized ; by user prior to run 00E7 PAGLIM *=*+! limit above which kill relocn 00E0 ADJST *=*+2 adjustment distance (signed) 00EA POINT *=*+2 start of program 00EC BOUND *=*+2 lower boundary for adjustment ; main program starts here 0110 D8 START CLD 0111 A0 00 LDY #0 0113 B1 EA LDA (POINT),Y get op code 0115 A8 TAY +cache in Y 0116 A2 07 LDX #7 0118 98 LOOP TYA restore op code 0119 3D 8E 01 AND TAB1-1,X remove unwanted bits 011C 5D 95 01 EOR TAB2-1,X & test the rest 011F F0 03 BEQ FOUND
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0121 CA DEX on to the next test 0122 D0 F4 BNE LOOP ...if any 0124 BC 9D 01 FOUND LDY TAB3,X length or flag 012? 30 0D BMI TRIP triple length? 0129 F0 22 BEQ BRAN branch? 012B E6 EA SKIP INC POINT mving right along.. 012D D0 02 BNE INEX ..to next op code 012F E6 EB INC POINT+1 0131 88 INEX DEY 0132 D0 F7 BNE SKIP 0134 F0 DA BEQ START ; length 3 or illegal 0136 C8 TRIP INY 0137 30 D9 BMI START+2 illegal/end to BRK halt 0139 C8 INY set Y to 1 013A B1 EA LDA (POINT),Y lo-order operand 013C AA TAX ...into X reg 013D C8 INY Y=2 013E B1 EA LDA (POINT),Y hi-order operand 0140 20 79 01 JSR ADJUST change address, maybe 0143 91 EA STA (POINT),Y ...and put it back 0145 88 DEY Y=1 0146 8A TXA 0147 91 EA STA (POINT),Y ...also hi-order 0149 A0 03 LDY #3 Y=3 014B 10 DE BPL SKIP ; branch: check "to" and "from" address 14D C8 BRAN INY Y=1 014E A6 EA LDX POINT "from" addrs lo-order 0150 A5 EB LDA POINT+1 ...& hi-order 0152 20 79 01 JSR ADJUST change, maybe 0155 86 E0 STX ALOC save lo-order only 0157 A2 FF LDX #$FF flag for "back" branches 0159 B1 EA LDA (POINT),Y get relative branch 015B 18 CLC 015C 69 02 ADC #2 adjust the offset 015E 30 01 BMI OVER backwards branch? 0160 E8 INX nope 0161 86 E3 OVER STX LIMIT 0163 18 CLC 0164 65 EA ADC POINT calculate "to" lo-order 0166 AA TAX ...and put in X 0167 A5 E3 LDA LIMIT 00 or FF 0169 65 EB ADC POINT+1 "to" hi-order 016B 20 79 01 JSR ADJUST change, maybe 016E CA DEX readjust the offset 016F CA DEX 0170 8A TXA 0171 38 SEC 0172 E5 E0 SBC ALOC recalculate relative branch 0174 91 EA STA (POINT),Y and re-insert 0176 C8 INY Y=2 0177 10 B2 BPL SKIP
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; examine address and adjust, maybe 0179 C5 E7 ADJUST CMP PAGLIM 017B B0 11 BCS OUT too high? 01?D C5 ED CMP BOUND+1 01?F D0 02 BNE TES2 hi-order? 0181 E4 EC CPX BOUND lo-order? 0183 90 09 TES2 BCC OUT too low? 0185 48 PHA stack hi-order 0186 8A TXA 018? 18 CLC 0188 65 E8 ADC ADJUST adjust lo-order 018A AA TAX 018B 68 PLA unstack hi-order 018C 65 E9 ADC ADJST+1 and adjust 018E 60 OUT RTS ; tables for op-code indentification 018F 0C IF 0D TAB1 .BYTE $0C,S1F,$0D,$8?,$1F,SFF,$03 0192 8? IF FF 0195 05 0196 0C 19 08 TAB2 .BYTE $0G,$19.»08,$00,S10,$20,$03 0199 00 10 20 019C 03 019D 02 FF FF TAB5 .BYTE $ 02,$FF,$FF,S01,$01,$00,SFF,$FE 01A0 01 01 00 01A3 FF FE ; end Credit for the concept of RELOCATE goes to Stan Ockers, who insisted that it was badly needed, and maintained despite my misgivings that it should be quite straightforward to program. He was right on both counts. ***** Hex Dump - Relocate ***** 0110- D8 A0 00 B1 EA AS A2 07 98 3D 8E 01 5D 95 01 F0 0120- 03 CA D0 F4 BC 9D 01 30 0D F0 22 E6 EA D0 02 E6 0130- EB 88 D0 F7 F0 DA C8 30 D9 C8 B1 EA AA C8 B1 EA 0140- 20 79 01 91 EA 88 8A 91 EA A0 03 10 DE C8 A6 EA 0150- A5 EB 20 79 01 86 E0 A2 FF B1 EA 18 69 02 30 01 0160- E8 86 E3 18 65 EA AA A5 E3 65 EB 20 79 01 CA CA 0170- 8A 38 E5 E0 91 EA C8 10 B2 C5 E7 B0 11 C5 ED D0 0180- 02 E4 EC 90 09 48 8A 18 65 E8 AA 68 65 E9 60 0C 0190- IF 0D 87 IF FF 03 0C 19 08 00 10 20 03 02 FF FF 01A0- 01 01 00 FF FE
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USING PROGRAM RELOCATE - an example. Jim Butterfield Program RELOCATE is important, and powerful. But it takes a little getting used to. Let's run through an example. Follow along on your KIM, if you like. Suppose we'd like to change program LUNAR LANDER. When you run out of fuel on the lander, you get no special indication, except that you start falling very quickly. Let's say we want to make this minor change: if you run out of fuel, the display flips over to Fuel mode, so that the pilot will see immediately. Digging through the program reveals two things: (i) you go to fuel mode by storing 00 into MODE (address E1); and, (ii) the out-of-fuel part of the program is located at 024C to 0257. So if we can insert a program to store zero in mode as part of our out-of-fuel, we should have accomplished our goal. Closer inspection reveals that we can accomplish this by inserting 85 E1 (STA MODE) right behind the LDA instruction at 024C. Let's do it. First, we must store value FF behind the last instruction of our program. So put FF into address 02CC. That wipes out the value 45, but we'll put it back later. Now, we put out program start address (0200) into addresses EA and EB. Low order first, so 00 goes into address 00EA and O2 goes into 00EB. Next, the part that we want to move. Since we want to insert a new instruction at address 024E, we must move the program up at this point to make space. In goes the address, low order first: 4E into address 00EC and 02 into address 00ED. The page limit should be set to 17, since we don't want the addresses of the KIM subroutines to be changed (SCANDS, GETKEY, etc.). So put 17 into address 00E7. Finally, how far do we want to move the program to make room? Two bytes, of course. Put 02 and 00 into addresses 00E8 and 00E9 respectively. We're ready to go. Be sure your vectors have been set properly (at addresses 17FA to 17FF). Then set address 0110, the ~tart address of RELOCATE, and press GO. The display will stop showing 0114 EA, confirming that RELOCATE ran properly. Now check to see the whole program was properly converted by looking at the addresses 00EA-B. We put address 0200 there, remember? Now we'll see address 0200 stored there - the address of the value FF we stored to signal end of program. Go back to 02CC, where we stored FF, and restore the original value of 45.
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Using Program RELOCATE, p.2. We've completed part I. The addresses have teen corrected for the move. Let's go on to part II and actually move the program to make room. My favorite method is to use a tiny program to do the move itself. For moving 1 to 256 bytes to a higher address, I use the program: A2 nn BD xx xx 9D tt tt CA D0 F7 00. In the above, nn is the number of bytes to be moved, and xxxx and tttt are the from and to addresses of the data, minus one. Since we want to move about 160 bytes from a block starting at 024E to a block starting at 0250, we code like this: A2 AC BD 4D 02 9D 4F 02 CA D0 F7 00. This little program can be fitted in anywhere. Let's put it in memory starting at address 0040. The final byte, value 00, should end up in 004B. Now back to 0040, hit GO ... and your data/program is moved over. (The tiny program should stop showing address 004D). There's nothing left to do but actually put the extra instruction (85 El) into the program at 024E and 024F. Now run the program. Try deliberately running out of fuel and see if the display flips over to fuel mode automatically when you run out. If you have followed the above successfully with your KIM, it all seems very easy. It's hard to realize that program RELOCATE has done so much work. But if you check, you'll find the following addresses have been automatically changed: 0203 024B 0256/8 0263/5 0265/7 02A5/7 Do you think that you'd have caught every one of those addresses if you'd tried to do the job manually?
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This program will take any given block of data and
arrange it in numerical sequence, whether the data is
hex or BCD, or both. Since the program uses relative
branch addressing, it can be located anywhere in memory
without modification.
The instruction that determines whether data is arranged
in ascending or descending order is O11F, ( B0 -
descending order, 90 - ascending order).
This is a bubble sort. The top item is compared with
succeeding items and if a larger number is found, they
are swapped. The larger item (now at the top) is then
used for comparisons as the process continues through
the list. After one complete pass, the largest number
will have "bubbled": to the top. The whole process is
repeated using the second item to start, then again
starting with the third item. Eventually the whole list
will be sorted in sequence.
17F5 START LO
17F6 START HIGH
17F7 END LO
17F8 END HI (NOTE: ENDING ADDRESS IS ONE PAST LAST ITEM)
0200 AD F5 17 SORT LDA,17F5 TRANSFER START POINTER
0203 85 E8 STA 00E8 TO ZERO PAGE
0205 85 EA STA 00EA
0207 AD F6 17 LDA 17F6
020A 85 E9 STA 00E9
020C 85 EB STA 00EB
020E AD F7 17 LAD 17F7 TRANSFER END POINTER
0211 85 EC STA 00EC
0213 AD F8 17 LDA 17F8
0216 85 ED STA 00ED
0218 A2 00 LDX tt$00 INDEX TO ZERO (STAYS THERE)
021A D8 CLD
021B A1 E8 GET LDA C00E8/X) GET DATA INDIRECT 00E8
021D C1 EA CMP C00EA/X) GREATER THAN INDIR. 00EA
021F B0 0C BCS INCN NO, INCR. POINTER 00EA
0221 A1 E8 SWAP LDA C00E8,X) SWAP DATA IN POINTER
0223 85 E7 STA 00E7 LOCATIONS
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0225 A1 EA LDA (00EA,X) 0227 81 E8 STA (00E8,X) 0229 A5 E7 LDA 00E7 022B 81 EA STA (00EA,X) 022D E6 EA INCN INC 00EA SET UP NEXT COMPARISON 022F D0 02 BNE LASTN NO PAGE CHANGE 0231 E6 EB INC 00EB PAGE CHANGE 0233 A5 EA LASTN LDA 00EA OK FOR LAST ITEM IN PASS 0235 C5 EC CMP 00EC 0237 D0 E2 BNE GET NOT YET 0239 A5 ED LDA 00ED IS THIS LAST PASS/LOOP? 023B C5 EB CMP 00EB 023D D0 DC BNE GET NO 023F E6 E8 INC 00E8 0241 D0 02 BNE OVER NO PAGE CHANGE 0243 E6 E9 INC 00E9 PAGE CHANGE 0245 A5 E8 OVER LDA 00E8 INIT. VALUE FOR NEXT PASS 0247 85 EA STA 00EA 0249 A5 E9 LDA 00E9 024B 85 EB STA 00EB 024D A5 EA LDA 00EA LAST ITEM IN LIST? 024F C5 EC CMP 00EC 0251 D0 C8 BNE GET NO, NOT YET 0253 A5 E9 LDA 00E9 0255 85 EB STA 00EB 0257 C5 ED CMP 00ED LAST PAGE? 0259 D0 C0 BNE GET NO 025B 4C 4F 1C JMP 1C4F BACK TO KIM/ DONE ***** Hex Dump - Sort ***** 0200 AD F5 17 85 E8 85 EA AD F6 17 85 E9 85 EB AD F7 0210 17 85 EC AD F8 17 85 ED A2 00 D8 A1 E8 C1 EA B0 0220 0C A1 E8 85 E7 A1 EA 81 E8 A5 E7 81 EA E6 EA D0 0230 02 E6 EB A5 EA C5 EC D0 E2 A5 ED C5 EB D0 DC E6 0240 E8 D0 02 E6 E9 A5 E8 85 EA A5 E9 85 EB A5 EA C5 0250 EC D0 C8 A5 E9 85 EB C5 ED D0 C0 4C 4F 1C
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SUPER-DUPE is handy: it lets you duplicate a complete tape
containing many programs in jig time. SUPER-DUPE is
versatile: it will write various tape densities, from
regular to Hypertape . SUPER-DUPE is multi-purpose: if you
don't want to duplicate programs, you can use it for
cataloguing tapes, or for writing Hypertape.
The maximum size program that SUPER-DUPE can copy is
dependent on the amount of memory of the KIM system. The
basic 1K system can copy programs up to 512 bytes long.
For duplicating tape, it's useful to have two tape
recorders: one for reading the old tape, one for writing
the new. They are connected in the usual way, at TAPE IN
and TAPE OUT. Pause controls are handy.
SUPER-DUPE starts at address 0000. Hit GO and start the
input tape. When a program has been read from the input
tape, the display will liight, showing the start address of
the program and its ID. If you don't want to copy this
program, hit 0. Otherwise, stop the input tape; start the
output tape (on RECORD) ; then hit 1 for Hypertape , 6 for
regular tape, or any intermediate number. The output tape
will be written; upon completion, the disp]ay will light
showing 0000 A2. Stop the output tape. Now bit GO to copy
the next program.
SUPER-DUPE contains a Hypertape writing program which can
be used independently; this starts at address 0100.
Basically, SUPER-DUPE saves you the work of setting up the
SA, EA, and ID for each program, and the trouble of
arranging the Hypertape writer into a part of memory
suitable for each program.
0000 A2 03 START LDX #3
0002 B5 E2 LOOP LDA POINT2.X
0004 95 E0 STA POINT,X
0006 CA DEX
0007 10 F9 BPL LOOP
0009 A9 00 LDA #0
000B 85 F6 STA CHKSUM
000D 85 F7 STA CHKHI
000F D8 CLD
0010 A9 07 LDA #7
0012 8D 42 17 STA SBD
0035 20 41 1A SYN JSR RDBIT
0018 46 F9 LSR INH
001A 05 F9 ORA INH
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001C 85 F9 STA INH 003E C9 16 TST CMP #$16 sync? 0020 D0 F3 BNE SYN 0022 20 24 1A JSR RDCHT 0025 C6 F9 DEC INH 0027 10 F5 BPL TST 0029 C9 2A CMP #$2A 002B D0 F1 BNE TST 002D 20 F3 19 JSR RDBYT 0030 85 F9 STA INH 0032 A2 FE LDX #$FE neg 2 0034 20 F3 19 ADDR JSR RDBYT 0037 95 FC STA POINTH+1,X 0039 20 91 1F JSR CHK 003C E8 INX 003D 30 F5 BMI ADDR 003F A2 02 BYTE LDX #2 0041 20 24 1A DUBL JSR RDCHT 0044 C9 2F CMP #$2F eot? 0046 F0 15 BEQ WIND 0048 20 00 1A JSR PACKT 004B D0 1C BNE ELNK error? 004D CA DEX 004E D0 F1 BNE DUBL 0050 81 E0 STA (POINT,X) 0052 20 91 1F JSR CHK 0055 E6 E0 INC POINT 0057 D0 02 BNE OVER 0059 E6 E1 INC POINT+1 005B D0 E2 OVER BNE BYTE 005D 20 F3 19 WIND JSR RDBYT 0060 C5 F7 CMP CHKHI 0062 D0 05 BNE ELNK error? 0064 20 F3 19 JSR RDBYT 0067 C5 F6 CMP CHKSUM 0069 D0 95 ELNK BNE START (or 65?) 006B 20 1F 1F FLSH JSR SCANDS 006E F0 FB BEQ FLSH display SA,ID 0070 20 6A 1F JSR GETKEY 0073 85 F5 STA GANG 0075 0A ASL A 0076 F0 88 BEQ START 0078 8D BE 01 STA NPUL 007B 65 F5 ADC GANG 007D 8D C0 01 STA TIMG+1 0080 A9 27 LDA #$27 register mask 0082 85 F5 STA GANG 0084 A9 BF LDA #$BF 0086 8D 43 17 STA PBDD 0089 A2 64 LDX #$64 008B A9 16 LDA #$16 sync
139
008D 20 61 01 JSR HIC 0090 A9 2A LDA #$2A 0092 20 88 01 JSR OUTCHT 0095 A5 F9 LDA INH 0097 20 70 01 JSR OUTBT 009A A5 FA LDA POINTL 009C 20 70 01 JSR OUTBT 009F A5 FB LDA POINTH 00A1 20 70 01 JSR OUTBT 00A4 A0 00 DATA LDY #0 00A6 Bl E2 LDA (POINT2),Y 00A8 20 70 01 JSR OUTBT 00AB E6 E2 INC POINT2 00AD D0 02 BNE SAMP 00AF E6 E3 INC POINT2-1 00B1 A5 E2 SAMP LDA POINT2 00B3 C5 E0 CMP POINT 00B5 A5 E3 LDA POINT2+1 00B7 E5 E1 SBC POINT+1 00B9 90 E9 BCC DATA 00BB A9 2F LDA #$2F eot 00BD 20 88 01 JSR OUTCHT 00C0 A5 F7 LDA CHKHI 00C2 20 70 01 JSR OUTBT 00C5 A5 F6 LDA CHKSUM 00C7 4C 54 01 JMP EXIT 00D0 4C 29 19 JMP LOADT9 00E2 00 02 00 02 ****** Hex Dump Super - Dupe ****** 0000- A2 03 B5 E2 95 E0 CA 10 F9 A9 00 85 F6 85 F7 D8 0010- A9 07 8D 42 17 20 41 1A 46 F9 05 F9 85 F9 C9 16 0020- D0 F3 20 24 1A C6 F9 10 F5 C9 2A D0 F1 20 F3 19 0030- 85 F9 A2 FE 20 F3 19 95 FC 20 91 IF E8 30 F5 A2 0040- 02 20 24 1A C9 2F F0 15 20 00 1A D0 1C CA D0 F1 0050- 81 E0 20 91 IF E6 E0 D0 02 E6 El D0 E2 20 F3 19 0060- C5 F7 D0 05 20 F3 19 C5 F6 D0 95 20 IF IF F0 FB 0070- 20 6A IF C9 07 B0 F4 85 F5 0A F0 84 8D BE 01 65 0080- F5 8D C0 01 A9 27 85 F5 A9 BF 8D 43 17 A2 64 A9 0090- 16 20 61 01 A9 2A 20 88 01 A5 F9 20 70 01 A5 FA 00A0- 20 70 01 A5 FB 20 70 01 A0 00 Bl E2 20 70 01 E6 00B0- E2 D0 02 E6 E3 A5 E2 C5 E0 A5 E3 E5 E1 90 E9 A9 00C0- 2F 20 88 01 A5 F7 20 70 01 A5 F6 4C 54 01 FF EA 00D0- 4C 29 19 00E0- 00 02 00 02 REMEMBER: You must also include HYPERTAPE! (page 119).
140
James Van Ornum
Do you want to verify the cassette tape you just recorded before the
information is lost? Then follow this simple procedure:
1. Manually verify that the starting address ($17F3, $17F6), the
ending address ($17F7, $17F8) and the block identification
($l7F9) locations are correct in memory.
2. Enter zeros ($00) into CHKL ($17E7) and CHKH ($l7E8).
3. Enter the following routine:
17EC CD 00 00 VEB cmp START
17EF D0 03 bne failed
l7F1 4C 0F 19 jmp LOAD12
l7F4 4C 29 19 failed jmp LOADT9
4. Rewind the tape, enter address $188C, press GO and playback
the tape. If the tape compares, the LEDs will come back on
with address $0000. If there is a discrepancy between memory
and the tape, the LEDs will come on with address $FFFF.
Jim Butterfield
Program VUTAPE lets you actually see the contents of a KIM format
tape as it's going by. It shows the data going by very quickly, because
of the tape speed..but you can at least "sense" the kind of material on
the tape.
In case of tape troubles, this should give you a hint as to the area
of your problem: nothing? noise? dropouts? And you can prepare a test
tape (see below) to check out the tape quality and your recorder. The
test tape will also help you establish the best settings for your volume
and tone controls.
Perhaps VUTAPE's most useful function, though, is to give you a
"feeling" for how data is stored on tape. You can actually watch the
processor trying to synchronize into the bit stream. Once it's synched,
you'll see the characters rolling off the tape...until an END or illegal
character drops you back into the sync mode again. It's educational to
watch. And since the program is fairly short, you should be able to trace
out just how the processor tracks the input tape.
VUTAPE starts at location 0000 and is fully relocatable (so you can
load it anyplace it fits).
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KIM UTILITY: VUTAPE 0000 D8 START CLD 0001 A9 7F LDA #$7F 0003 8D 41 17 STA PADD set display dir reg 0006 A9 15 SYN LDA #$15 ..window 6 and tape in 0008 85 E0 STA POINT and keep pointer 000A 8D 42 17 STA SBD 000D 20 4l 1A JSR RDBIT get a bit and 0010 46 F9 LSR INH ..slip it into 0012 05 F9 ORA INH ..the right-hand 0014 85 F9 STA INH ..side: 0016 8D 40 17 STA SAD show bit flow on display 0019 C9 16 TST CMP #$l6 ..is it a SYNC? 001B DO E9 BNE SYN nope, keep 'em rolling 001D 20 24 1A JSR RDCHT yup, start grabbing 0020 C9 2A CMP #$2A ..8 bits at a time and.. 0022 D0 F5 BNE TST ..if ifs not an "*".. 0024 A9 00 STREAM LDA #$00 ..then start showing 0026 8D E9 17 STA SAVX ..characters 1 at a time 0029 20 24 1A JSR RDCHT 002C 20 00 1A JSR PACKT ..converting to hexadec,. 002F DO D5 BNE SYN ..if legal 0051 A6 E0 LDX POINT 0055 E8 INX 0054 E8 INX Move along to next.. 0055 E0 15 CPX #$15 ..display position 0057 D0 02 BNE OVER (If last digit,.. 0059 A2 09 LDX #$09 ..reset to first) 005B 86 E0 OVER STX POINT 005D 8E 42 17 STX SBD 0040 AA TAX change character read 0041 BD E7 IF LDA TABLE,X ..to segments and.. 0044 8D 40 17 STA SAD send to the display 0047 D0 DB BNE STREAM unconditional jump Checking Out Tapes/Recorders Make a test tape containing an endless stream of SYNC characters with the following program: 0050 A0 BF GO LDY #$BF directional.. 0052 8C 45 17 STY PBOD ...registers 0055 A9 16 LP LDA #$l6 SYNC 0057 20 7A 19 JST OUTCH ...out to tape 005A D0 F9 BNE LP Now use the program VUTAPE. The display should show a steady synchronization pattern consisting of segments b,c, and e on the right hand LED, Try playing with your controls and see over what range the pattern stays locked in. The wider the range, the better your cassette/ recorder.
142
143
EXPANDING YOUR KIM Games and di versions using the keyboard and display are fine. Programming in assembly language can even be a lot of fun, once you get over the first few hurdles. But , sooner or later you are going to get the urge to have your KIM act like the "big machines". What do you have to add on? How much will it cost? How much trouble is it going to be? Let's look at a few of the options and you can decide for yourself. Memory Expansion If you only had more memory, you could do anything, right? well, not exactly, but let's see what's involved in adding memory. Computer buffs abreviate a thousand memory locations, more or less, with the letter K. Your KIM-1 has a 1K block of RAM and 2K of ROM. Provision Is also built into the KIM-1 for easily adding an additional 4K of memory. 4K Expansion If you want to add only 4K of memory, it's not especially difficult. An article in Kilobaud #4, (April '77), gives instructions for adding one of the lower priced 4K RAM kits. It is primarily a matter of connecting wires between the exoansion connector on your KIM and the new board. Depending on the size of your present power supply, an additional supply may be required for the new board. Further Expansion Adding more than 4K of memory is a bit more difficult. Part of the problem has to do with address decoding. The expansion connector is essentially an extension of the main arteries of the computer, the address and data busses. These carry signals between the CPU and memory. The data bus carries information to or from a memory location specified by the address bus. The "Central Processing Unit"' (CPU) on the KIM has the potential of addressing 64K however, so you can see that we have barely begun to scratch the surface. Decoding The complete address bus isn't available to each memory chip because thete are just too many lines and not enough pins on the chips. Instead , there is some extra circuitry which looks
144
at the entire address bus and determines which block, (usually 1K blocks), of memory should be allowed to function. This is called decoding circuitry. Sub-addressing within blocks is handled by the lower address lines which are connected to all chips. Decoding sufficient to select one of four 1K blocks already exists on the KIM and is brought out to the expansion connector. If you add more than 4K of memory, additional decoding will be required. Usually this is built into the memory board. Buffering If you start adding too many chips to the address and data busses, the extra circuits begin to "load down" the bus and cause it to not function pronerly. Additional boards are sometimes isolated from the main busses with circuits called "buffers" which prevent this from happening. Some memory boards have buffers built in. Speed Another croblem you should be aware of has to do with how fast the CPU runs and how fast memory chips respond. Some CPU's have a wait state so that if the memory is a little slow in responding to entry or retrevial of Information, the CPU can wait for it. The 6502 processor in KIM doesn't have this feature. This means that the memory used has to be fast enough to work with the processor. What Board? We see then that memory expansion can get a little complicated. Further details are given in sections 3.2 and 6.1 of the Kim User's Manual . Perhaps the easiest way to get around these problems is to buy an assembled board made especially for the KIM. All decoding, buffering etc. should already have been taken care of in this case. If you build from a kit, there are many solder connections that are very close to each other; it's easy to make mistakes. Kit or assembled board however, you should follow the instructions of someone who has already done it. What does it cost? Here's the good part! Memory prices have been dropping and are continuing to drop. Recently boards have been coming out using 4K memory chips which have more bits per chip than the older 1K RAM. This reduces the cost further, especially on boards having a lot of memory.
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Any price quoted would soon be out of date and the price per byte depends heavily on the size of board you buy. A quick scan through a recent hobbist publication should give you a rough idea of what to expect. How Much Do You Need? It depends primarily on what you want to do. Quite a bit can be done with just the 1K on the basic KIM-1. Even if you add a terminal, this 1K should be adequate for small games etc. written In assembly language. If you want to use a lot of text or go to a higher level language like Basic, you will have to expand. Exactly how much you need to expand depends on how elaborate your software is. Motherboards If you want to add more than just one board to the expansion connector of your KIM, you should start thinking in terms of a motherboard. A motherboard is a group of sockets connected in parallel. Buffering is also usually provided so the extra boards don't load the busses. If you buy a motherboard specifically for the KIM-1, it will also have provision for letting KIM know when one of its boards is being addressed. This is so the decoding present on the KIM will be disengaged and not conflict with decoding on the expansion boards. "Standard" Busses The largest number of boards made for hobbist use have a 100 pin configuration that plugs into the so-called "S-100" bus. MOS Technology also makes a motherboard for KIM with yet another bus. It should be possible to hook the KIM to motherboards made for other 8 bit machines too. One group Is getting together an expansion board for KIM based on the standard 44 pin connector. Once you decide on a particular motherboard, you are pretty much locked in to buying or building boards whose pins match those in the sockets of the motherboard. "S-100" Bus The S-100 bus derives from the AltairR motherboard. Presumably, any board which works in an Altair then should work In any other S-100 machine. Unfortunately, that has not always been the case. The S-100 bus is popular though and already a couple manufacturers have advertised S-100 motherboards meant to be attached to the KIM. Because of the competition, S-l00 boards sometimes give a cost advantage. This is especially true in the case of memory boards where competition is fierce.
NOTE: Altair is a trademark of MITS, Inc.
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A Caution No matter what bus you decide on, you are going to need programs written for KIM to drive certain boards you might plug in. Unless there is a program for that particular board, written for KIM, you are in for a lot of work. The Serial Port It's not necessary that all expansion take place along the data and address busses of your KIM. There is another entrance/exit for information - the serial ports. The serial I/O, (Input and Output), ports also have the advantage that most of the required software already exists in the ROM of KIM. For example, to output a character, it is only necessary to put that character in the accumulator and jump to the subroutine OUTCH (1EA0). The character then comes spewing out the serial output port, bit by bit. ASCII The code that is used in this process is the "American Standard Code for Information Interchange", or ASCII for short. The hardware connection is also standardized and is made of two 20 milliamp current loops. The device to be connected to KIM should be set up for these standards. Connections are made as shown starting on page 17 of the Kim User's Manual. The TeletypeR The serial ports were obviously set up with a particular machine in mind, the Teletype. The problem is that a new Teletype will cost over $1000 and used ones aren't much cheaper. Baudot Machines Older model Teletypes and some other makes of teleprinters go for $25 on up. The difference? These are Baudot machines. Wbere the modern Teltype uses a 8 bit (8 level) code to represent ASCII characters, the older machines use a 5 bit (5 level) code called Baudot. A good place to find out what is available etc. is a series of three articles appearing in the April, May and June '77 issues of Byte magazine. Teleprinters are noisey, smelly and slow. what's more, the interface of a Baudot machine to your KIM is far from a trivial problem. why then even bother with the teleprinter? One reason - it's great to have a hardcopy of your program, a piece of paper you can sit down and take a pencil to when something goes wrong. Video Terminals Also easily connected through the serial port are stand alone video terminals. These units contain a cathode ray T.V. tube,
Teletype is a trademark of Teletype Corp.
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(CRT), keyboard and all necessary guts to display a large number of lines of characters on the screen at orce. Common are 12 or 24 lines of 80 characters each. With 80 characters, a full 72 character Teletype line can be duplicated, making the unit indeed a "Class Teletype". Fewer Characters - Lower Price The price of most video terminals Is still up around $1000 even in kit form. One way to reduce the cost is to reduce the number of characters and display the results on an ordinary T.V. set. 16 lines of 32 or 64 characters are common. This type of unit can be purchased as a video board alone or along with a keyboard in a nice case. If purchased seperately, you will also need a serial interface board. Serial/Parallel Conversion Remember that we had planned to use the serial I/O ports on KIM. The video board or the keyboard is more than likely hooked up to input or output in bytes, (parallel input or output). A whole byte appears on 8 separate pins along with a timing pulse, called a strobe, on yet another pin. The strobe is used to indicate when data is valid. We have to convert this type of input or output to the sequential bit by bit information required by the serial port. Luckily, there are chips designed especially to do this. They are called UART's and are found on serial interface boards. One such board was described in issue #1 of Kilobaud. (Jan. '77) What to look for Video boards vary considerably in the features they offer. The simplist boards begin writing characters In the upper left of the screen and continue on down the page. When the end of the last line is reached, they return to the upper left corner and start over. The only control you might have is a "home" signal which returns you to the starting point. Any carriage returns, linefeed etc. have to be taken care of by a program which is keeping track of exactly where you are. A better scheme is to have a cursor which is usually a flashing or solid white square located where the next character will appear. In more advanced units, you can move this cursor around under software (or hardware) control. That way, it's easy to back up and go over any mistakes. Another handy feature is scrolling. When you reach the end of the last line on the screen, it's a little confusing to have
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the next line start at the top. Instead, some boards automatically push every line up to make room for the incoming line, (the top line goes off the screen). Blank to end-of-line and blank to end-of-screen features are necessary to keep from having a lot of unwanted characters left on the screen. Be sure to check to find out exactly what features are included on the board you are buying. If you can, find someone who has a similar board up and running. Back To The Busses It's not manditory that a video board work off the serial ports. There are boards made to plug into most "standard" motherboards. These work off the data and address busses directly. In many cases, they include memory to hold the characters which looks just like any other memory to the processor. This has the advantage that any character can be changed instantaneously. A board like this is undoubtedly going to require software to keep things organized and you'll have to provide programs written especially for KIM. Hardware vs Software With the prices of memory continuing to drop, it's becoming cheaper to replace many hardware functions with software. In the case of video, you can use software not only to keep track of what characters go where; you can also use it to generate most of the display itself. This tends to reduce the cost considerably. Using this fact, Don Lancaster describes a T.V. Typewritter addition to the KIM for $25-$35, (Kilobaud #6, June '77 or Popular Electronics, July '77 and August '77). But a word of caution. You'll have to "chop up" your KIM a bit to implement this- the project involves cutting a piece of KIM's printed circuit foil, plus wiring in a whole bunch of new wires. And while the changes don't affect KIM's operation, you have to recognize that memory expansion becomes a different ball game. Don uses the addresses from 2000 to EFFF, and that means that you can't just add on extra memory in those areas. Dedicating the processor to running the display in this manner also means that it is going to have to "steal" time from this job to run your programs. This can slow things up a bit. Keyboards The keyboard also doesn't have to come into the serial port. Some video boards have a keyboard port built in. Another possibility is the parallel I/O ports on the KIM itself. Again, you'll have to provide the necessary software, but it would save you from having to buy a serial interface board.
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If you are thinking of running both the keyboard and video board off the parallel ports of KIM, you should add up the total number of lines you need. By the time you include all necessary strobe lines, you will probably find you don't have enough ports available. Hooking To Your T.V. When you hook a video board to a T.V. set, make sure that the T.V. has a transformer which isolates the set from the A.C. line. 110 volts can ruin a lot of chips in a hurry! There are two ways of putting the video signal in the T.V. If you want to go into the antenna terminals, you will need a board which generates a regular T.V. frequency signal with the video signal being Imposed upon it. Kits are available for $10 -$15. A method less susceptible to interference problems is to go directly into the video amplifier of the set. A T.V. repair shop should be able to handle this if you can't. About the simplest circuit was given in July '76 Byte, p. 38. Another appeared in Kilobaud #7, (July '77 p. 30). Kits are available to make this type of conversion also. Video Monitors A video monitor is like a T.V. set without the ability to pick up channels. It just takes a standard video signal (like the one coming from a video board) and puts it on the screen. Because they have a larger bandwidth than the normal T.V. set, they can display more information without the characters getting fuzzy. Costs At the present time, (Summer '77), you can expect to pay $150 - $250 for a video board, $50 - $150 for a keyboard and over $300 for the combination in a box along with a serial interface. Most of the serial interface is in the UART chip which sells for about $10. Kits maybe available for about $25 -$50. Motherboards run $100 - $150 and a video monitor will cost around $150 - $200. Grachics If you want to use your KIM for simulating video games on a T.V., you should be thinking in terms of a graphics board. The graphics boards that are used with T.V. sets generate many tiny white rectangles, squares or dot patterns on the screen. these can be individually turned on or off at will. Some video boards meant to display characters also have limited graphics capability.
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Printers There are a number of printers on the market which use many small solenoids to form dot patterns through a typewritter ribbon onto paper. These dot patterns form characters faster than can be done with a typewritter or teleprinter. Some use adding machine paper and others, a standard size sheet. Prices run from $250 on up. Also available are printers which use a specially sensitized paper and print using a thermal process. Floppy Disks Once you start reading in programs which require 4K or more of memory, you are going to find the cassette interface on your KIM a little slow. Even with Hypertape, it will take about 1 1/2 minutes to read in 4K. There are faster tape units on the market, but the ultimate as far as the hobbist is now concerned is the "floppy". The floppy disk is like a flexable phonograph record coated with iron oxide as is used on tapes. A read/write head is moved radially outward from the center to read or write on different "tracks". The main advantage over tape is the speed at which any block of information can be located. The information is also put on very compactly and reading it back takes only a few seconds at mast. The mechanism to do all this is a precision piece of equipment and quite expensive. Prices are continuing to drop however as the demand becomes greater. The electronics necessary is also quite complex, but as with the UART, single chips are now being made which do most of the job. Floppies are often used in pairs. One reason for this is to be able to back up what is stored on a disk. One disk is simply copied to another. Since each disk may store over 1/4 million bytes, you can see how time consuming this would be if you tried to read all information into memory and back out on another disk. smaller versions of floppies using a 5" diskette (with less storage capacity) are also available at somewhat lower prices. Again, you need not only the floppy drive and controller (electronics), but also the necessary software written for KIM. The operating system software that goes with floppies is quite complex. But then, it's also very powerful.
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SOFTWARE TO EXPAND YOUR KIM In addition to building extra devices onto your KIM system, like teletype, display, or more memory, you can increase the power of your system with special programs called software. The name, software, is often misunderstood. Software, strictly speaking, refers to programs that help you do the job. They are helping programs, not doing programs. For example, if you write a program to play a game, that's not software - it's called an application program, for it actually does something. But the programs that help your game, such as the Monitor subroutines that you may call, are software. They don't do the job, but they sure help. Most of the extra software that we'll talk about here will require extra memory to be fitted to your KIM system. Assemblers If you've tried writing a program, you may have noticed that converting your coding into KIM's machine language is quite a tedious job. For example, you may have written the command LDA TOTAL to load the accumulator with a zero page quantity that you have called TOTAL. Before you can enter the program, you must convert this to the 6502 code: A5 (for LDA from zero page), 63 (the zero page location you have chosen for TOTAL). Not too hard, perhaps; but you must look up the code and keep track of the addresses If your program contains dozens of instructions, this conversion - called hand assembly - can become quite a chore. An assembler program will do the conversion for you, quickly, neatly, and without error If you have a hard copy printing device, it will give you a complete printout (called a "listing") of your program. A resident assembler works on program data held entirely within KIM's memory. It's very fast, but it does need lots of memory to hold all of your program information. Other assemblers work from data stored on magnetic tape or on floppy disk. They are slower, since the data must be copied into memory as it's needed, but allow your programs to be almost unlimited in size. A cross-assembler will assemble your KIM program on a completely different machine, such as a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-ll or a commercial time-sharing processor. Because these other computers are not so limited in size compared to the KIM, they can be very powerful.
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Dis-Assemblers A disassembler works in reverse from an assembler. If you have a program in KIM machine language, the disassembler will print it out in the more easily readable assembly language . Very handy for investigating a working program, if you don't have the listing. For example, if you have coding starting at address 02DB that reads: CA 10 F8 AD 64 17 85 80 ... , the disassembler would print something like this: 020F CA DEX 0216 10 F8 BPL 020A 0212 AD 64 17 LDA 1704 0215 85 80 STA 0080 As you can see, this is much more readable. Interpreters (BASIC ,FOCAL, etc.) There are several "high level" languages that are much easier for writing programs than KIM (6502) machine language. With the proper software package, KIM can translate these high level instructions and perform the desired actions. The translation job takes time, so KIM will run many times slower than its normal "machine" speed. Programming convenience is so great, however, that most users don't mind the loss of speed. Interpreters can take up quite a bit of memory - anywhere from 2K to 16K locations - so you'll have to be fitted with the appropriate amount of memory expansion. If you hear of an 8K Basic interpreter, you'll know that means 8,600 locations for the program, and of course you'll need to provide extra memory to fit your own programs in. A brief example will show how simple a language like BASIC can be for programming. To input a number from your keyboard, and type its square, you need only write: 50 INPUT A receive value "a" from keyboard 60 LET B = A*A "*" means multiplication 70 PRINT "THE SQUARE OF ";A;" IS ";b 80 STOP See how easy it is? KIM must read each line, character by character, decide what it means: inputting, calculating, printing or whatever, and then perform that action, KIM works hard, but you don't.
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Text Editors It can be very handy to compose a number of lines of material such as a tetter, a program, or general data; put it into your KIM system; save it permanently on tape or disk; and then later recall it and change, insert or delete information. If you're writing a letter, you can correct mistakes and insert new thoughts as they occur to you, perhaps even generating several slightly different versions to mail to various people. If you have a program, you can correct bugs as you find them and insert new coding as needed Data files can be kent up to date. Text Editors are very important with other software such as assemblers and interpreters; often, they are built in. Mathematical Packages Each memory location in KIM can store a number from 0 to FF hexadecimal, or 0 to 255 decimal. Ther are no fractions, and you have to make special arrangement for signed (positive and negative) numbers. You can link memory locations together to hold larger numbers; but extremely large numbers and fractions call for special mathematical techniques to be used. In addition, KIM gives you only addition and subtraction; you have to work out multiplication and division for yourself, to say nothing of more complex functions like square roots and powers. You can program all this yourself, if you have the time and the mathematical background. But if you really need to perform advanced math on your KIM, you'll be better off to obtain a pre-written mathematical package. Floating-point on computers means about the same as the term "Scientific Notation" on calculators. It lets you use fractions and deal with very large and very small values . In addition, you'll often get extra functions - powers, roots, logarithms, and trigonometric functions such as sines and cosines. Many mathematical functions are often included in large interpreters.
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KIM RUNS THE WORLD OR HOW TO CONNECT YOUR MICROPROCESSOR
TO EXTERNAL DEVICES
Introduction - Calculator versus Computer
Most of you are familiar with the ubiquitous pocket
calculator. From the simple "four-banger" to the most
sophisticated card-programmable, the sequence of ope-
rations is always the same. You enter numbers from
either the Keyboard or a program card, depress a few
keys, the calculator "crunches" your input and out
come the processed numbers on the display or printer.
Though a calculator will do a great job of processing
numbers, just try to make it perform a simple trick
of a different kind - e.g., ring a bell after comple-
ting the 150th iteration. No way! A calculator is
a closed system. In general it is not possible to
attach to it external devices not envisioned during
the original design. A microprocessor such as KIM is
quite different in this respect. In fact frequently
its main functions are not to "crunch" numbers but to
receive signals from various sensors such as photocells,
thermostats, switches or pressure transducers, to do
a small amount of processing of these inputs and then
to control devices such as lights, motors, relays
or even to play music.
In this chapter we will try to show you how easy it is
for KIM to perform operations of the type described.
KIM via its input/output ports can receive and transmit
control signals. Its built-in precision quartz crystal
controlled time reference and a built-in interval timer
further simplify various controlling tasks.
KIM Ports - KIM Talks and Listens
KIM has four special memory locations which are used
for input, output and various applications. Great
things happen if you store numbers in these locations!
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Location 1700 Contents of Application Port A 1701 Data Direction of Port A 1702 Contents of Application Port B 1703 Data Direction of Port B The data contents locations 1700 and 1702 store the data transmitted to or from KIM while the data direction locations 1701 and 1703 determine which port operates in the input and which in the output mode. These four special memory locations can be accessed by KIM programs in the same way as any other location. In addition the application port A in location 1700 and the appli- cation port B in location 1702 are also accessible on connector pins. They represent the physical interface of KIM. By monitoring the appropriate pins with a volt- meter one can detect the data stored in memory locations 1700 and 1702 when KIN is in the output mode. By setting the appropriate pins to ground or to Vcc (+5 Volts) one can feed data into KIM in the input mode. As KIM is an 8-bit microprocessor, each of the two ports A and B actually consists of eight independent inputs or outputs. Each of the eight bit positions from 0 through 7 appears on a different connector pin and is a port in itself. The following are connector pin assignments for the A and B application ports. For example PAO represents the 0-th or the least sig- nificant bit of port A and PA7 the 7-th or the most significant bit. Pin A-14 means Application connector (lower left), the 14-th pin counting from the top, on the upper side of the connector (the lower side of the connector is designated by letters instead of numbers). Connector Pin Assignments Port Pin Port Pin PA0 A-14 PB0 A-9 PA1 A-4 PB1 A-10
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Port Pin Port Pin PA2 A-3 PB2 A-11 PA3 A-2 PB3 A-l2 PA4 A-5 PB4 A-13 PA5 A-6 PB5 A-16 PA6 A-7 PB6 Not accessible PA7 A-8 PB7 A-15 To assign any of the above connector pins to either input or output mode we have to store a "magic" number in location 1701 to control port A or in location 1703 to control port B. A "1" stored in a specific bit position makes the corresponding port into an output, a "0" into an input. For example, to assign PA7 to output and PA0 through PA6 to input requires storing 10000000 or 80hex in location 1701. In the following example although we deal only with port A, all the remarks apply equally to the port B. Example - Burglar Alarm Let's suppose that we want to design a system under KIM control such that PA0 through PA6 are connected to seven normally closed burglar alarm switches while PA7 should control a warning bell. We want the bell to start ringing as soon as one of the contacts opens. The bell should keep ringing even if the contact closes again. We will first describe the software, or the programming part of the problem, and then will show you the actual circuit. We assume that by now you scanned through the KIM software chapters and are familiar with its basic instruction set.
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Burglar Alarm Program Loc Code Mnemonic Comments 00 A9 80 LDA #80 / Set PAD through PA6 to 02 8D 01 17 STA 1701 \ input and PA7 to output 05 A9 00 LDA #00 Set output to 0 07 8D 00 17 STA 1700 Will affect PA7 only 0A AD 00 17 LDA 1700 / Read 1700 to find if PAD 0D 29 7F AND *7F | through PA6 contain all 0F C9 7F CMP #7F \ "1"s (closed switches) 11 F0 F7 BZQ OA All are closed, go to 0A 13 A9 80 LDA #80 / At least one switch open, 15 8D 00 17 STA 1700 \ sound alarm 18 4C 13 00 JMP 0013 Stay in the loop Now let's look at the simple circuit to operate our burglar alarm. We connect PAD through PA6 pins directly to the switches. If a switch is closed then the voltage at that port is 0 Volts (ground); as soon as the switch opens, an internal resistor located on the KIM board "pulls" the port to the positive voltage Vcc of 5 Volts. All ports except PB7 are equipped with built-in resis- tors, called "pu1l-up" resistors connected to Vcc, which set voltage at a port to Vcc when the port is in the input mode and is not connected to ground. On the output port PA7 is connected to the base of an amplifying tran- sistor which drives a relay to operate an alarm bell. The transistor is necessary because the maximum availa- ble current of each KIM port is only on the order of 1 mA. This current would not be sufficient to drive a relay directly.
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Multiple Drives
Now suppose you want KIM to drive several devices
rather than a single one. For example you may want
to connect a 3 x 3 matrix of LED lights to the A and
B ports to play tic-tac-toe. The simplest way to do
this is by using one of the inexpensive digit driving
ICs, such as 75492 used in many calculator circuits.
Each of these ICs will drive up to 6 lights, relays
or what have you with the simple circuit shown below.
The six IC outputs act as "sinks", which requires
that you connect one side of your electric load to
the positive battery voltage and the other side to
one of the IC outputs. When the appropriate port is
"on" current will flow through your load; when the
port is "off", current will stop. The maximum current
through each load is 200 mA.
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AC Control To go one step further we can show you how KIM can operate AC devices without relays. However we would like to caution you that the power line voltage of 110 Volts AC and the low voltages in your KIM do not mix easily. You may even achieve a non-voluntary beautiful pyrotechnic display. In other words, if you are not careful in your soldering techniques and like to leave a few wires dangling "just in case" we would recommend that you skip the following paragraph. The circuit we show here electrically separates KIM from the power line by means of a lamp/photocell interface. The amplified voltage from one of the KIN ports turns on an incandescent lamp or an LED which lowers the resistance of a photocell which then turns on the electronic TRIAC switch. This simple and inexpensive circuit can easily control an AC lamp or appliance of up to 600 Watts.
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KIM versus Hardwired Logic We have showed you how KIM can control relays, lights and AC operated devices but these applications hardly tap KIM's capabilities. With the same methods you can also switch tracks on a model train layout, control traffic lights, and keep your fans and air conditioners going. The beauty of performing such tasks with a com- puter rather than with hardwired relay logic is that logical responses and changes in rules can easily be implemented by changing a few statements in your prog- ram. A redesign of a hardwired circuit on the other hand is always difficult, time consuming, frequently impossible without starting your design from scratch. D/A and A/D Converters So far we have discussed on/off type controls such as switches or relays which are either open or closed. However, there are many areas where a proportional control with "shades of gray" instead of black or white would be more desirable. For example if you are inte- rested in electronic music you would like to shape the electric signals driving your amplifiers and speakers into sinusoids, triangles and seesaws to mimic various instruments. Though even with a simple on/off control you can create sounds, their acoustical range is very limited. If you connect an audio amplifier to one of the KIM ports and listen to the sound generated by the 5 Volt pulses of various length and at various repetition rates the sound will remind you only of a variety of buzz saws and not of musical instruments. The next step therefore is to develop a digital-to- analog (D/A) interface for your KIM. Such an interface will, for example, translate an 8-bit binary number on ports A0 through A7 into a voltage proportional to the numerical value stored in location 1700 (Port A). A number FFhex stored in 1700 could then generate 2.0 Volts, while 20hex stored in the same locabion would generate (32/255) x 2.0 = 0.25 Volts. Though we will not describe a D/A converter in detail, it can easily be built with either separate amplifiers or with specially designed ICs. An example of a rela- tively inexpensive converter is MC1408L by Motorola.
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Similarly an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter inter- face can be used to turn KIM into a measuring instrument such as a digital voltmeter, thermometer or even a speach recognizer. Applications of a microprocessor equipped with D/A and A/D converters are limited only by your imagination and by your wallet. Interval Timer Many applications which interface KIM to the outside world benefit from the addition of a timer. For example, you may want the train in a model train layout to stop for exactly 45 seconds at a station under some conditions but for only 30 seconds under other conditions. For this and other purposes as well, KIM has a built-in interval timer which can be set to various multiples of its crystal controlled cycle time of 1 microsecond (10-6 sec.). By storing a number K between 1 and FFhex in one of the special memory locations listed below we direct the timer to count a specific number of cycles. The special memory lo- cations used by the interval timer and the longest count-down period are as follows: Location Timer Count Max. Period (sec.) (microseconds) For K = FFhex 1704 K x 1 0.000255 1705 K x 8 0.002 1706 K x 64 0.016 1707 K x 1024 0.26 Location 1707 is also used to sense that the timer has finished counting. By putting the interval timer inside a loop the timing can be lengthened to seconds, minutes and hours. The timer starts cotuiting as soon as a number between 1 and FFhex is stored in one of the above four locations by means of the STA (STore Accumulator in memory) instruction. When time runs out the BIT (test BITs in memory with accumulator) instruction returns a non-positive value from lo- cation 1707.
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Timer Example The following short program illustrates the use of the interval timer. The program will leave the loop after 5 x 64 = 320 microseconds count is detected by the BIT instruction. While the timer counts, other tasks can be performed by KIM. Loc Code Mnemonic Comments 00 A9 05 LDA #05 Start timer by storing 02 8D 06 17 STA 1706 5 in 1706 05 ........ Perform other tasks ........ 10 2C 07 17 BIT 1707 Check if timer finished? 13 10 F0 BPL 05 If still counting, go to 05 15 ........ Otherwise continue How KIM Communicates with its own Keyboard and Display At first glance the KIM keyboard and the LED display seem to be a hardwired fixed part of the micropro- cessor and as difficult to access as if they would belong to a calculator. Fortunately it is not so. Both thekeyboard and the display can be used quite differently from the way they are used by the KIM built-in operating system program. You can run the display and the keyboard under the control of your own programs to perform all kinds of tricks. For example, you can program the LEDs to display any pattern in any digit position which can be made with the seven LED segments. Similarly the keyboard can be used as input to various programs with individual keys performing functions unrelated to their numerical labels. For example, the "B" key in your program can
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indicate a "Backward" command, while the "F" key can mean "Forward". Various game programs shown in other sections of this book are examples of such applications. We have tried in this chapter to give you a feeling for what KIM can do in the way of control applications. We hope that by now you have gained some appreciation for KIMs potential.
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GUIDELINES FOR WRITING KIM PROGRAMS 1. Use of Memory. --Wherever possible, place your programs In pages 2 and 3-- addresses 0200 to 03FF. It's handy to keep page zero for variables - values that change during program run; and page one is best left alone because the program Stack uses it. The Stack, by the way, only uses a few locations - usually. But a small program error can sometimes make the stack run wild, which would destroy your page one data. --Your variables (changeable data) should be kept in page zero, in locations 0000 to 00EE. These addresses are easy to use, since you can use zero-page addressing modes which save you time and memory. 2. Program and constants. --Set up your programs in the following pattern: first, the main program (starting at address 0200 or higher); then your subroutines; and finally your data. Keep them all fairly close together, so that when you dump the whole thing to cassette tape it won't take extra time to write the 'blank spaces in between'. 3. Initial values. --Don't assume anything about the beginning values in your registers or in zero page. If you want to be out of decimal mode (and you usually do), make your first command a CLD (D8). If you want the accumulator to be zero, load it with LDA #$00 (A9 00). Every zero page variable that needs to start at a certain value should be set to that value by the program. For example, if you want address 0043 to start out with a value of 7, write LDA #$07, STA 0043 (A9 07 85 43). 4. General. --Make your subroutines simple, with clearly visible entry and return points. One of the stickiest problems to find is a subroutine that doesn't return via a RTS command, but instead jumps straight back to your main coding . or a subroutine that you somehow get into without giving the vital JSR command. --Avoid super clever programming, such as having the program change itself. (It can work ... but if it misbehaves, you can have a bad time). 5. Remember: Computers are dumber than humans, but smarter than programmers.
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LIGHTING THE KIM-1 DISPLAY Jim Butterfield A. SIX-DIGIT HEXADECIMAL. The easiest way to display six digits of data is to use the KIM-1 Monitor subroutine SCAND. Calling TSR SCAND (20 19 1F) will cause the first four digits to show the address stored in POINTL and POINTH (00FA and 00FB), while the last two digits of the display show the contents of that address. If you look at the first three lines of subroutine SCAND (lines 1057 to 1059 on page 25 of the listing), you'll see how the program 'digs out' the contents of the address given by POINTL/POINTH and stores it in location INE (00F9). It's neat programming, and worth studying if you're not completely familiar with the 6502's indirect addressing operation. Thus, if you skip these three lines, and call JSR SCANDS (20 1F 1F) you will be displaying, in hexidecimal, the contents of three locations: POINTH, POINTL , and INH This, of course, takes six digits. To recap: SCAND will display four digits of address and two digits on contents. SCANDS will display six digits of data. Important: in both cases, the display will be illuminated for only a few milliseconds. You must call the subroutine repeatedly in order to obtain a steady display. B. DRIVING THE BITS OF THE DISPLAY DIRECTLY. 1. Store the value $7F into PADD (1741). This sets the directional registers. 2. To select each digit of the display, you will want to store the following values in location SBD (1742). Digit 1: $09 Digit 2: $0B Digit 3: $0D Digit 4: $0F Digit 5: $11 Digit 6: $13 Note that this can easily be done in a loop, adding two to the value as you move t0 the next digit.
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3. Now that you have selected a carticular digit, light the segments you want by storing a 'segment control' byte into location SAD (1740). The segments will be lit by setting the appropriate bit to 1 in SAD according to the following table: Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 .. center upper lower bottom lower upper top left left right right "g" "f" "e" "d" "c" "b" "a" For example, to generate a small letter 't', we would store $78 (center, upper left, lower left, bottom) into SAD. 4. Now that you have picked a digit and lit the appropriate segments wait a while. Sit in a delay loop for about 1/2 millisecond before moving on to the next digit. THE KIM-1 ALPHABET. Some letters, like M and W, just won't go onto a 7-segment display. Some, like B, are only possible in capitals; others, like T, can only be done in lower case. So here's an alphabet of possibles: A - $F7 B - $FF b - $FC C - $B9 c - $DB D - $BF d - $DE F - $F9 F - $F1 f - $F1 G - $BD g - $EF H - $F6 h - $F4 1 - $86 I - $86 i - $84 2 - $DB J - $9E j - $9E 3 - $CF L - $B8 l - $86 4 - $E6 n - $D4 5 - $ED O - $BF o - $DC 6 - $FD P - $F3 p - $F3 7 - $87 r - $D0 B - $FF S - $ED 9 - $EF t - $F8 0 - $BF U - $BE u - $9C minus - $C0 Y - $EE y - $EE
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The following is reprinted from the KIM-1 User Manual with permission from MOS Technology. Interval Timer 1. Capabilities The KIM-1 Interval Timer allows the user to specify a preset count of up to 25610 and a clock divide rate of 1, 8, 64, or 1024 by writing to a memory location. As soon as the write occurs, counting at the specified rate begins. The timer counts down at the clock frequency divided by the divide rate. The current timer count may be read at any time. At the user's option, the timer may be programmed to generate an interrupt when the counter counts down past zero. When a count of zero is passed, the divide rate is automatically set to 1 and the counter continues to count down at the clock rate starting at a count of FF (-1 in two's comple- ment arithmetic). This allows the user to determine how many clock cycles have passed since the timer reached a count of zero. Since the counter never stops, continued counting down will reach 00 again, then FF, and the count will continue. 2. Operation a. Loading the timer The divide rate and interrupt option enable/disable are programmed by decoding the least significant address bits. The starting count for the timer is determined by the value written to that address. Writing to Address Sets Divide Ratio To Interrupt Capability Is 1704 1 Disabled 1705 8 Disabled 1706 64 Disabled 1707 1024 Disabled 1700 1 Enabled 170D 8 Enabled 170E 64 Enabled 170F 1024 Enabled b, Determining the timer status After timing has begun, reading address location 1707 will provide the timer status. If the counter has passed the count of zero, bit 7 will be set to 1, otherwise, bit 7 (and all other bits in location 1707) will be zero. This allows a program to "watch" location 1707 and determine when the timer has timed out. c. Reading the count in the timer If the timer has not counted past zero, reading location 1706 will provide the current timer count and disable the inter- rupt option; reading location 170E will provide the current timer count and enable the interrupt option. Thus the interrupt option can be changed while the timer is counting down.
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If the timer has counted past zero, reading either memory location 1706 or 170E will restore the divide ratio to its pre- viously programmed value, disable the interrupt option and leave the timer with its current count (not the count originally writ- ten to the timer). Because the timer never stops counting, the timer will continue to decrement, pass zero, set the divide rate to 1, and continue to count down at the clock frequency, unless new information is written to the timer. d. Using the interrupt option In order to use the interrupt option described above, line PB7 (application connector, pin 15) should be connected to either the IRQ (Expansion Connector, pin 4) or NMI (Expansion Connector, pin 6) pin depending on the desired interrupt function. PB7 should be programmed as input line (it's normal state after a RESET). NOTE: If the programrner desires to use PB7 as a normal I/O line, the programmer is responsible for dis- abling the timer interrupt option (by writing or reading address 1706) so that it does not inter- fere with normal operation of PB7. Also, PB7 was designed to be wire-ORed with other possible inter- rupt sources; if this is not desired, a 5.1K resis- tor should be used as a pull-up from PB7 to +5v. (The pull-up should NOT be used if PB7 is connected to NMI or IRQ.)
************************************************
IMPORTANT!!
The KIM Cassette Tape Interface
The KIM-1 USER GUIDE doesn't emphasize one vital
instruction in telling you how to read and write tapes.
BEFORE READING OR WRITING MAGNETIC TAPE, BE SURE
TO SET THE CONTENTS OF ADDRESS 00F1 TO VALUE 00.
This ensures that the computer is not in Decimal Mode.
The key sequence is AD 0 0 F 1 DA 0 0 AD.
If you forget to do this, you're likely to have trouble with
audio tape. You might write bad tape - which can never be
read back in correctly, and you might find yourself unable
to input properly from tape. Many of us have run into this
problem, and have wasted countless hours trying different
tapes and recorders or even investigating KIM's electronics.
You'll find KIM audio tape to be 100% reliable, even on
inexpensive recorders, providing you follow this rule and
always ensure that location 00Fl is set to zero.
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NOTES ON A RANDOM NUMBER GENERATER Jim Butterfield It's not my original idea - I picked up it from a technical journal many years ago. Wish I could remember the source, so I could credit it. This program produces reasonably random numbers, and it won't "lock up" so that the same number starts coming out over and over again. The numbers are scattered over the entire range of hexadecimal 00 to FF. A Statistician would observe that the numbers aren't completely "unbiased", since a given series of numbers will tend to favor odd or even numbers slightly. But it's simple, and works well in many applications. Here ta how it works. Suppose the last five random numbers that we have produced were A, B, C, D and E. We'll wake a new random number by calculating A + B + E + 1. (The one at the end is there so we don't get locked up on all zeros). When we add all these together, we may get a carry, but we just ignore it. That's all. The new "last five" will now be B, C, D, E and the new number. To keep everything straight, we move all these over one place, so that B goes where A used to be, and so on. The program: xxxx D8 RAND CLD clear decimal if needed xxxx 38 SEC carry adds value 1 xxxx A5 13 LDA RND+l last value (E) xxxx 65 16 ADC RND+4 add B (+ carry) xxxx 65 17 ADC RND+5 add C xxxx 85 12 STA RND new number xxxx A2 04 LDX #4 move 5 numbers xxxx B5 12 RPL LDA RND,X xxxx 95 13 STA RND+l,X ..move over 1 xxxx CA DEX xxxx 10 F9 BPL RPL all moved? The new random number will be in A, and in RND, and in RND+1. Note that you must use six values in page zero to hold the random string ... I have used 0012 to 0017 in the above coding. You often don't want a random number that goes all the way up to 255 (Hexadecimal FF). Them are two ways of reducing this range. You can AND out the bits you don't want; for example, AND #07 reduces the range to 0-7 only. Alternatively, you can write a small divide routine, and the remainder becomes your random number; examples of this can be seen in programs such as BAGELS.
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If you have one or more of the articles
mentioned below and want to share
it with others please contact: erik.vdbroeck at telenet.be:
Erik Van den Broeck
Elfde Julilaan 130
B8500 Kortrijk
Belgium
+ 32 56 202142
users.telenet.be/kim1-6502
erik.vdbroeck at telenet.be
The one publication that devotes all of its space to the KIM-1/6502 machines is: KIM-1/6502 USER NOTES P.O. Box 33077 North Royalton, Ohio 44133 Six issues of this bimonthly newsletter costs U.S.$5.00 for North American subscribers and U.S.$1O.00 for international subscribers. Here's some pointers to other KIM-1/6502 articles- BYTE- November 1975 (p.56) - Son Of Motorola - A description of the 6302 instruction set and comparison with the 6800. May 1976 (p.8) - A Date With KIM - An in depth description of KIM August 1976 (p.44) - True Confessions: How I Relate To KIM - How to; use cheap memories with KIM by stretching the clock; expand memory; implement interrupt prioritizing logic; sim- ulate a HALT instruction. March 1977 (p.36) - 6502 op code table March 1977 (p.70) - Simplified Omega Receiver Details - Using the 6502 for signal processing in a low cost navigation receiver (Mini-Omega). April 1977 (p.8) - Kim Goes To The Moon - A real-time lunar lander program for KIM April 1977 (p.100) - Navigation With Mini-O - Software details for a phase-tracking loop filter using Jolt or KIM. June 1977 (p.18) - Designing Multichannel Analog Interfaces - Hardware and 6502 software for an 8 channel analog I/O. June 1977 (p.46) - Teaching KIM To Type - Hardware and software for hooking KIM up to a Selectric. June 1977 (p.76) - Come Fly With KIM - Hardware and software for interfacing a Fly Paper Tape Reader to KIM. July 1977 (p.126) - Giving KIM Some Fancy Jewels - How to outboard KIM's seven-segment displays. DR. DOBBS- March 1976 (p.17) - 6502 Breakpoint Routine August 1976 (p. 17) - 6502 Floating Point Routine August 1976 (p.20) - Monitor For The 6502
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August 1976 (p.21) - Lunar Lander For The 6502 September. 1976 (p.22) - 6502 Disassembler September 1976 (p.26) - A 6502 Number Game September 1976 (p.33) - 6502 String Output Routine November 1976 (p.50) 6502 String Output Routine November 1976 (p.57) - 6502 Floating Point Errata February 1977 (p.8) - More 6502 String Output Routine INTERFACE AGE- September 1976 (p.l4) - A 6502 Disassembler October 1976 (p.65) - Interfacing The Apple Computer - How to: hook a SWTPPR-40 to the Apple 6502. November 1976 (p.12) - Build A Simple A/D - Hardware and 6502 software for simple joystick (or whatever) interface. November 1976 (p.103) - Floating Point Routine For 6502 April 1977 (p.18) - "Mike"-A Computer Controlled Robot - Hardware and 6502 software for a KIM controlled robot like vehicle. KILOBAUD- January 1977 (p.114) - A Teletype Alternative - How to: Convert a parallel input TVT to serial operation; interface to KIM. February 1977 (p.8) - Found: A Use For Your Computer April 1977 (p.74) - KIM-1 Memory Dxpansion - How to: Add an 589.95 4K Ram board to KIM. May 1977 (p.98) - Adding "PLOP" To Your System - A 6502 noisemaker for computer games. June 1977 (p.50) - A TVT For Your KIM NOTE: Kilobaud now has a monthly KIM column. MICROTREK- August 1976 (p.7) - KIM-1 Microcomputer Module - A very in depth look inside KIM. POPULAR ELECTRONICS- July 1977 (p.4?) - Build The TVT-6 - How to: KIM-1 TVT (same as Kilobaud #6).
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73 MAGAZINE January 1977 (p.100) - Bionic Brass pounder - How to: Turn KIM into a smart morse code keyboard. ********************************************* 6502 SOFTWARE SOURCES (as of summer 1977) ARESCO Focal, 2 1/2K assembler 314 Second Ave. 6K assembler/text editor Haddon Hts., New Jersey (send S.A.S.E. for info) 08035 The Computerist Please Package, Help, P.O. Box 3 editor and mailing list S. Chelmsford MA packages 01824 (send S.A.S.E. for info) Itty Bitty Computers Tom Pittman's P.O. Box 23189 Tiny Basic San Jose, Calif. (send S.A.S.E. for info) 95153 MICROWARE MICROCHESS, (Chess in 27 rirstbrooke Rd. 1k), assembler Toronto, Ontario (send S.A.S.E. for info) CANADA M4E 2L2 MICRO-SOFTWARE SPECIALISTS 2K assembler/editor P.O. Box 3292 (send S.A.S.E. for info) E. T. Station Commerce, Texas 75428 6502 Program Exchange Focal, Focal programs, 2920 Moans Lane Kim and TIM programs Reno, Nevada 89509 (send 50c for program list) Pyramid Data Systems 1K monitor system. 6 Terrace Ave. (send S.A.S.E. for info) New Egypt, New Jersey 08533 Julien Dubé Baudot Monitor 3174 Rue Dousi (send S.A.S.E.) Ste-Foy, Quebec G1W 2X2 Canada
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Jim Butterfield Charles Eaton 14 Brooklyn Ave. 19606 Gary Avenue Toronto, Ontario M4M 2X5 Sunnyvale, California Canada 94086 Lew Edwards Peter Jennings 1451 Hamilton Ave. 27 Firstbrooke Rd. Trenton 9, N.J. Toronto, Ontario M4E 2L2 Canada Ron Kushnier Cass Lewart or 3108 Addison Ct. Dan Lewart Cornwells Hts., Penna. 12 Georjean Drive 19020 Holmdel, N.J. 07733 Stan Ockers James Van Ornum R.R. #4, Box 209 55 Cornell Drive Lockport, Ill. Hazlet, N.J. 60441 07730 Charles Parsons Jim Pollock 80 Longview Rd. 6 Terrace Ave. Monroe, Conn. New Egypt, New Jersey 06468 08533 Eric Rehnke Joel Swank P.O. Box 33077 #186 N. Royalton, Ohio 4655 S.w. 142nd 44133 Beaverton, Ore. 97005 ***************************************************** Here are the folks responsible. They eagerly await your praise, comments, criticism, indignation - whatever... Please do the courtesy of enclosing a S.A.S.E. if you wish a reply.
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HTML version by:
Erik Van den Broeck
Elfde Julilaan 130
B8500 Kortrijk
Belgium
+ 32 56 202142
users.telenet.be/kim1-6502
erik.vdbroeck at telenet.be
The WAV's, MP3's and
listings at pages 38 to 111 by Dick Blok
listings at pages 38 to 111 by Dick Blok
Special thanks to Cass Lewart for lending me his original
copy of The First Book of KIM, to the team who wrote the
book especially because it's free of copyrights, and to
Ian Pun who already published parts of this book.
THE FIRST BOOK OF KIM - corrections Authorships: SORT, page 136: by Jim Pollock FARMER BROWN, HYPERTAPE, SUPER-DUPE,, pages 64, 119, 138 ; by Mim Butterfield Titles: MUTI-MAZE, page 92, should be MULTI-MAZE Program corrections: BANDIT, page 35: change 0252 from 08 to 0B CODE TEST, page 58: addresses 02CE through 02DA should be changed to: D1 65 D4 65 D5 85 D0 A2 04 B5 D0 95 D1 Operating instructions: LUNAR LANDER. page 84: After viewing fuel, return to altitude display by pressing button A. WUMPUS, page 107: If Wumpus moves to a room containing a pit or superbats, he will be hidden and you won't be told when you are near him. You must either guess his location or make him move again by pitching a can.
THE FIRST BOOK OF KIM - corrections Authorships: SORT, Page 136 by Jim Pollock FARMER BROWN, HYPERTAPE, SUPER-DUPE, Pages 64,119,138 by Jim Butterfield Propram Corrections BANDIT, page 35: change 0252 from 08 to 0B also 029C to OB CODE TEST, Page 58: zero page locations in random number routine duplicate others, change E's to D's. Send for re-write (other errors) MUSIC BOX, Page 90, Missing lines 027D 84 E7 STY LIMIT 1 ADDITION Page 24 needs to be out of decimal mode to work (CLD or 00 in 00F1) Instructions LUNAR LANDER, Page 84: Aftor viewing fuel, return to altitude display by pressing button A. WUMPUS, Page 107: If Wumpus moves to a room containmg a pit or superbats, he will be hidden and you won't be told when you are near him. You must either guess his location or make him move again by pitching a can. Titles: MUTI*MAZE, Page 92, should be MULTI-MAZE: so named because it does generate a new maze each time it is restarted. BLACK MATCH: I.Q. does not automatically vary (change 0254)
THE FIRST BOOK OF KIM - corrections Authorships: SORT p. 136: by Jim Pollock FARMER BROWN, HYPERTAPE, SUPERTAPE: by Jim Butterfield Address: Pages 4 & 176: Eric Rehnke and KIM/6502 User Notes is not at 100 Centre Ave., W. Norriton PA 19401. Titles: MUTI-MAZE, p 92, should be MULTI-MAZE Programs: BANDIT: change 0252 and 029C from 08 to 0B CODE TEST, p.58: change 02CE thru 02DA to: D1 65 D4 C5 D5 85 D0 A2 04 B5 D0 95 D1 MUSIC BOX, p.90: add 027D 84 E7 - STY LIMIT+1 MINI DIS, p. 125: add 0364 68 - PLA Operating Instructions: general - many programs were designed and tested for audio tape load, with the CPU out of decimal mode. Set 00F1 to 00 before running. LUNAR LANDER, p.84: Press A for altitude display. WUMPUS, p.107:. If WUMPUS moves into a room. with a pit or superbats, he'll' be hidden - you won't be told WUMPUS CLOSE. Either guess or pitch a can to make him move.